Question 1

Which is an innate defense that is your first line of defense against a disease-carrying tick?

Accepted Answer

A)  Interferons released by infected cells signaling neighboring cells to increase their resistance to the pathogen 
B)  Antibodies that mark the disease organism for destruction 
C)  Skin as a physical barrier 
D)  Complement proteins that activate an inflammatory response 
E)  Macrophages that phagocytize the pathogen 
A)  Interferons released by infected cells signaling neighboring cells to increase their resistance to the pathogen 
B)  Antibodies that mark the disease organism for destruction 
C)  Skin as a physical barrier 
D)  Complement proteins that activate an inflammatory response 
E)  Macrophages that phagocytize the pathogen

Question 2

Which class of antibodies is the first released by B cells during a primary immune response?

Accepted Answer

A)  IgG 
B)  IgM 
C)  IgD 
D)  IgA 
E)  IgE 
A)  IgG 
B)  IgM 
C)  IgD 
D)  IgA 
E)  IgE

Question 3

In 1918, a flu pandemic infected millions of people across the world.In 2009, an H1N1 strain of influenza spread around the world, but people who had been alive in 1918 had low rates of infection.What is a likely explanation for this?

Accepted Answer

The 1918 flu pandemic was also caused by

Question 4

Antibody specificity results from the

Accepted Answer

A)  number of disulfide bonds in a particular immunoglobulin. 
B)  number of light chains in a particular immunoglobulin. 
C)  percent of heavy chains in a particular immunoglobulin. 
D)  amino acid sequences of the variable regions of specific immunoglobulins. 
E)  number of antigen binding sites on each immunoglobulin molecule. 
A)  number of disulfide bonds in a particular immunoglobulin. 
B)  number of light chains in a particular immunoglobulin. 
C)  percent of heavy chains in a particular immunoglobulin. 
D)  amino acid sequences of the variable regions of specific immunoglobulins. 
E)  number of antigen binding sites on each immunoglobulin molecule.

Question 5

If a person has an immediate hypersensitivity to an allergen in peanuts, why might it be dangerous for the person to eat peanuts again?

Accepted Answer

If the person has an immediate hypersens

Question 6

Which statement about animal defense systems is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Innate defenses act slowly. 
B)  During the effector phase of a defensive response, an effector discriminates between self and nonself. 
C)  Innate defenses evolved after adaptive defenses. 
D)  Animal defense systems are based on differentiating between self and nonself molecules. 
E)  During the activation phase of a defensive response, cells and molecules destroy the invader. 
A)  Innate defenses act slowly. 
B)  During the effector phase of a defensive response, an effector discriminates between self and nonself. 
C)  Innate defenses evolved after adaptive defenses. 
D)  Animal defense systems are based on differentiating between self and nonself molecules. 
E)  During the activation phase of a defensive response, cells and molecules destroy the invader.

Question 7

Which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is little polymorphism at MHC loci in humans. 
B)  Cytotoxic T cell receptors recognize antigenic fragments only when they are bound to class II MHC molecule. 
C)  T-helper cells have a surface protein that binds to antigen‒class I MHC complexes. 
D)  Cytotoxic T cells use a protein called CD8 to ensure binding to an MHC-antigen complex. 
E)  T-helper cells bind to pathogens that display cell surface antigens. 
A)  There is little polymorphism at MHC loci in humans. 
B)  Cytotoxic T cell receptors recognize antigenic fragments only when they are bound to class II MHC molecule. 
C)  T-helper cells have a surface protein that binds to antigen‒class I MHC complexes. 
D)  Cytotoxic T cells use a protein called CD8 to ensure binding to an MHC-antigen complex. 
E)  T-helper cells bind to pathogens that display cell surface antigens.

Question 8

A human genome has genes that code for approximately 20,000 structural proteins and enzymes.This is _______ the number of specific antibodies a human genome can potentially code for.

Accepted Answer

A)  much less than 
B)  slightly less than 
C)  about comparable to 
D)  slightly more than 
E)  orders of magnitude more than 
A)  much less than 
B)  slightly less than 
C)  about comparable to 
D)  slightly more than 
E)  orders of magnitude more than

Question 9

Which statement about regulatory T cells (Tregs) is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tregs are similar to T-helper cells and cytotoxic T cells in that they are produced in the thyroid gland. 
B)  Tregs differ from T-helper cells and cytotoxic T cells in that they are activated when they bind antibodies. 
C)  Tregs suppress the cellular immune response against self antigens. 
D)  Destruction of Tregs would severely reduce the recognition of non-self antigens. 
E)  Activated Tregs secrete perforin, which stimulates proliferation of B cells. 
A)  Tregs are similar to T-helper cells and cytotoxic T cells in that they are produced in the thyroid gland. 
B)  Tregs differ from T-helper cells and cytotoxic T cells in that they are activated when they bind antibodies. 
C)  Tregs suppress the cellular immune response against self antigens. 
D)  Destruction of Tregs would severely reduce the recognition of non-self antigens. 
E)  Activated Tregs secrete perforin, which stimulates proliferation of B cells.

Question 10

The extraordinary diversity of antibodies results in part from

Accepted Answer

A)  the action of monoclonal antibodies. 
B)  the splicing of protein molecules. 
C)  the action of cytotoxic T cells. 
D)  the rearrangement of genes. 
E)  their remarkable nonspecificity. 
A)  the action of monoclonal antibodies. 
B)  the splicing of protein molecules. 
C)  the action of cytotoxic T cells. 
D)  the rearrangement of genes. 
E)  their remarkable nonspecificity.

Question 11

Multipotent stem cells that give rise to blood cells

Accepted Answer

A)  are found primarily in the heart. 
B)  divide during fetal development but not in the adult. 
C)  give rise to red blood cells and white blood cells. 
D)  are differentiated cells. 
E)  are present only in humans. 
A)  are found primarily in the heart. 
B)  divide during fetal development but not in the adult. 
C)  give rise to red blood cells and white blood cells. 
D)  are differentiated cells. 
E)  are present only in humans.

Question 12

Doctors trying to identify the nature of the immune response to a newly identified pathogen note that every time they isolate the antigen that the immune system is responding to, it is bound to the surface of a cell.This means that the component(s) of the immune system involved could be

Accepted Answer

A)  T cell receptors, only. 
B)  T cell receptors and antibodies, only. 
C)  T cell receptors and immunoglobulins, only. 
D)  antibodies and MHC proteins, only. 
E)  T cell receptors, immunoglobulins, and MHC proteins. 
A)  T cell receptors, only. 
B)  T cell receptors and antibodies, only. 
C)  T cell receptors and immunoglobulins, only. 
D)  antibodies and MHC proteins, only. 
E)  T cell receptors, immunoglobulins, and MHC proteins.

Question 13

Which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The humoral immune response produces antigens, and the cellular immune response can destroy bacteria. 
B)  Cytotoxic T cells perform critical functions in the humoral immune response, and B cells produce antibodies in the humoral immune response. 
C)  The humoral and cellular immune responses can operate simultaneously. 
D)  The humoral immune response is directed at antigens that have become established within cells. 
E)  T-helper cells are part of the humoral but not the cellular immune response. 
A)  The humoral immune response produces antigens, and the cellular immune response can destroy bacteria. 
B)  Cytotoxic T cells perform critical functions in the humoral immune response, and B cells produce antibodies in the humoral immune response. 
C)  The humoral and cellular immune responses can operate simultaneously. 
D)  The humoral immune response is directed at antigens that have become established within cells. 
E)  T-helper cells are part of the humoral but not the cellular immune response.

Question 14

The first time you travel to a tropical region you may encounter the parasite that causes malaria for the first time.Unless you have taken anti-malaria drugs, you will have to rely on your _______ (innate/adaptive) immunity for protection.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The first time you travel to a...

Question 15

Antigens can bind to an antibody at _______ site(s); binding occurs at the _______ regions of the antibody.

Accepted Answer

A)  one; constant 
B)  one; variable 
C)  one; specific 
D)  two; variable 
E)  two; constant 
A)  one; constant 
B)  one; variable 
C)  one; specific 
D)  two; variable 
E)  two; constant

Question 16

One V gene, one D gene, and one J gene encode for the _______ region of the _______ chain of a specific antibody.

Accepted Answer

A)  constant; light 
B)  constant; heavy 
C)  specific; light 
D)  specific; heavy 
E)  variable; heavy 
A)  constant; light 
B)  constant; heavy 
C)  specific; light 
D)  specific; heavy 
E)  variable; heavy

Question 17

Which statement about T-helper cells is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are induced to divide by interferons. 
B)  They recognize protein fragments presented by MHC molecules. 
C)  They bear surface immunoglobulins. 
D)  They are part of the innate defenses. 
E)  When activated, they secrete lysozyme. 
A)  They are induced to divide by interferons. 
B)  They recognize protein fragments presented by MHC molecules. 
C)  They bear surface immunoglobulins. 
D)  They are part of the innate defenses. 
E)  When activated, they secrete lysozyme.

Question 18

Which are white blood cells that release histamine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dendritic cells 
B)  T cells 
C)  Basophils 
D)  Macrophages 
E)  Eosinophils 
A)  Dendritic cells 
B)  T cells 
C)  Basophils 
D)  Macrophages 
E)  Eosinophils

Question 19

You grow some B cells in laboratory culture and find that they are expressing IgM, which reacts to sheep red blood cells.Later you test the growth medium and find almost no IgM, but a large amount of IgG.The IgG also reacts to sheep red blood cells.If you were to analyze the cells before and after the switch in antibody, you would see that the IgG being produced by the B cells have a different _______ when compared to the IgM.

Accepted Answer

A)  light chain variable region 
B)  heavy chain variable region 
C)  MHC I 
D)  antigen recognition site 
E)  heavy chain constant region 
A)  light chain variable region 
B)  heavy chain variable region 
C)  MHC I 
D)  antigen recognition site 
E)  heavy chain constant region

Question 20

When an individual is first exposed to an infective virus, several days pass before significant numbers of specific antibody molecules and T cells are produced.However, a second exposure to the virus causes a large and rapid production of antibodies and T cells.This response is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  antigenic determinants. 
B)  phytoalexins. 
C)  phagocytosis. 
D)  interferon production. 
E)  immunological memory. 
A)  antigenic determinants. 
B)  phytoalexins. 
C)  phagocytosis. 
D)  interferon production. 
E)  immunological memory.

Exam 41: Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Which is an innate defense that is your first line of defense against a disease-carrying tick?

Which class of antibodies is the first released by B cells during a primary immune response?

In 1918, a flu pandemic infected millions of people across the world.In 2009, an H1N1 strain of influenza spread around the world, but people who had been alive in 1918 had low rates of infection.What is a likely explanation for this?

Antibody specificity results from the

If a person has an immediate hypersensitivity to an allergen in peanuts, why might it be dangerous for the person to eat peanuts again?

Which statement about animal defense systems is true?

Which statement is true?

A human genome has genes that code for approximately 20,000 structural proteins and enzymes.This is _______ the number of specific antibodies a human genome can potentially code for.

Which statement about regulatory T cells (Tregs) is true?

The extraordinary diversity of antibodies results in part from

Multipotent stem cells that give rise to blood cells

Doctors trying to identify the nature of the immune response to a newly identified pathogen note that every time they isolate the antigen that the immune system is responding to, it is bound to the surface of a cell.This means that the component(s) of the immune system involved could be

Which statement is true?

The first time you travel to a tropical region you may encounter the parasite that causes malaria for the first time.Unless you have taken anti-malaria drugs, you will have to rely on your _______ (innate/adaptive) immunity for protection.

Antigens can bind to an antibody at _______ site(s); binding occurs at the _______ regions of the antibody.

One V gene, one D gene, and one J gene encode for the _______ region of the _______ chain of a specific antibody.

Which statement about T-helper cells is true?

Which are white blood cells that release histamine?

When an individual is first exposed to an infective virus, several days pass before significant numbers of specific antibody molecules and T cells are produced.However, a second exposure to the virus causes a large and rapid production of antibodies and T cells.This response is an example of

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Antigens can bind to an antibody at _ site(s); binding occurs at the _ regions of the antibody.

One V gene, one D gene, and one J gene encode for the _ region of the _ chain of a specific antibody.