Question 1

Which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The spleen, thymus, and bone marrow are lymphoid tissues. 
B)  Lymph is circulated through lymphatic vessels without ever going through the heart. 
C)  White blood cells are found within the heart and blood vessels, but not in lymph. 
D)  Platelets are cell fragments found in blood, but not in lymph. 
E)  Red blood cells are found in the heart, blood vessels, and lymph. 
A)  The spleen, thymus, and bone marrow are lymphoid tissues. 
B)  Lymph is circulated through lymphatic vessels without ever going through the heart. 
C)  White blood cells are found within the heart and blood vessels, but not in lymph. 
D)  Platelets are cell fragments found in blood, but not in lymph. 
E)  Red blood cells are found in the heart, blood vessels, and lymph.

Question 2

Class I MHC proteins

Accepted Answer

A)  are found primarily on immune system cells. 
B)  protect a developing fetus from its mother's immune system. 
C)  are found only on cells derived from bone marrow. 
D)  are important self-identifying labels. 
E)  are identical among individuals of the same species. 
A)  are found primarily on immune system cells. 
B)  protect a developing fetus from its mother's immune system. 
C)  are found only on cells derived from bone marrow. 
D)  are important self-identifying labels. 
E)  are identical among individuals of the same species.

Question 3

HIV targets CD4-expressing T cells.One of the long-term results of this is

Accepted Answer

A)  a decrease in the ability of B cells to produce memory B cells. 
B)  an increase in the ability of macrophages to recognize specific antigenic determinants. 
C)  loss of the gene coding for CD4. 
D)  an increase in T-helper cells. 
E)  an increase in class II MHC proteins. 
A)  a decrease in the ability of B cells to produce memory B cells. 
B)  an increase in the ability of macrophages to recognize specific antigenic determinants. 
C)  loss of the gene coding for CD4. 
D)  an increase in T-helper cells. 
E)  an increase in class II MHC proteins.

Question 4

Toll-like receptors

Accepted Answer

A)  are found in vertebrates, but so far have not been found in invertebrates. 
B)  leave blood vessels to bind to pathogenic bacteria, which in turn attracts phagocytes. 
C)  are found in the cell membrane of certain cells, where they recognize and bind to nonself molecules associated with pathogens. 
D)  initiate a protein kinase cascade, which induces histamine secretion in neighboring cells. 
E)  if blocked would enhance overly strong inflammatory responses. 
A)  are found in vertebrates, but so far have not been found in invertebrates. 
B)  leave blood vessels to bind to pathogenic bacteria, which in turn attracts phagocytes. 
C)  are found in the cell membrane of certain cells, where they recognize and bind to nonself molecules associated with pathogens. 
D)  initiate a protein kinase cascade, which induces histamine secretion in neighboring cells. 
E)  if blocked would enhance overly strong inflammatory responses.

Question 5

Bacteria and fungi that live on our body's surfaces but do not cause disease (and often perform essential roles in defense and other activities) are known collectively as _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bacteria and fungi that live on our...

Question 6

DNA rearrangements in the B cell

Accepted Answer

A)  are responsible for generating single B cells that can synthesize many different antibodies. 
B)  lead to mutations in T cells, resulting in the elimination of essential T cell genes. 
C)  occur only in B memory cells. 
D)  are responsible for generating many different antibodies, with each B cell making only one specific antibody. 
E)  occur only in fully mature B cells. 
A)  are responsible for generating single B cells that can synthesize many different antibodies. 
B)  lead to mutations in T cells, resulting in the elimination of essential T cell genes. 
C)  occur only in B memory cells. 
D)  are responsible for generating many different antibodies, with each B cell making only one specific antibody. 
E)  occur only in fully mature B cells.

Question 7

Which statements about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a retrovirus that causes autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). 
B)  The onset of its symptoms occurs at the set point. 
C)  It is transmitted primarily through insect bites. 
D)  It targets T-helper cells, which are involved with both cellular and humoral immune responses. 
E)  It causes an immediate condition after infection known as Kaposi's sarcoma. 
A)  It is a retrovirus that causes autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). 
B)  The onset of its symptoms occurs at the set point. 
C)  It is transmitted primarily through insect bites. 
D)  It targets T-helper cells, which are involved with both cellular and humoral immune responses. 
E)  It causes an immediate condition after infection known as Kaposi's sarcoma.

Question 8

Which statement is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  An immunoglobulin molecule has only one antigen binding site. 
B)  The variable region of a light chain and the variable region of a heavy chain form an antigen binding site of an immunoglobulin. 
C)  Antibodies are trivalent. 
D)  An immunoglobulin is made up of four antibody proteins. 
E)  Because each antibody binds only one antigen molecule at once, antibodies are unable to form large complexes. 
A)  An immunoglobulin molecule has only one antigen binding site. 
B)  The variable region of a light chain and the variable region of a heavy chain form an antigen binding site of an immunoglobulin. 
C)  Antibodies are trivalent. 
D)  An immunoglobulin is made up of four antibody proteins. 
E)  Because each antibody binds only one antigen molecule at once, antibodies are unable to form large complexes.

Question 9

Refer to the graph showing a typical progression of an untreated HIV infection in a human.The x axis represents time, but the scale differs in different subsections.   At what point in the progress of the HIV infection do opportunistic infections typically appear?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the graph showing a typical...

Question 10

An adaptive immune defense

Accepted Answer

A)  is nonspecific. 
B)  has immunological memory. 
C)  responds to a large number of antigens. 
D)  does not distinguish self from nonself. 
E)  is found in all organisms. 
A)  is nonspecific. 
B)  has immunological memory. 
C)  responds to a large number of antigens. 
D)  does not distinguish self from nonself. 
E)  is found in all organisms.

Question 11

The cells that recognize virus-infected or mutated cells and kill them via lysis are known as _______ T cells.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The cells that recognize virus-infected or mutated...

Question 12

Cells that become infected by HIV include

Accepted Answer

A)  macrophages, only. 
B)  TH cells, only. 
C)  dendritic cells, only. 
D)  macrophages and TH cells, only. 
E)  macrophages, TH cells, and dendritic cells. 
A)  macrophages, only. 
B)  TH cells, only. 
C)  dendritic cells, only. 
D)  macrophages and TH cells, only. 
E)  macrophages, TH cells, and dendritic cells.

Question 13

Which is a primary factor in causing an HIV infection to progress to a deficiency in the immune system of a person?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pneumonia caused by a bacterial infection 
B)  Antibodies made against HIV-infected cells 
C)  HIV circulating free in blood plasma 
D)  Activation of T-helper cells by HIV 
E)  An increase in T cells 
A)  Pneumonia caused by a bacterial infection 
B)  Antibodies made against HIV-infected cells 
C)  HIV circulating free in blood plasma 
D)  Activation of T-helper cells by HIV 
E)  An increase in T cells

Question 14

Collagen is a structural protein that is necessary for the integrity of many of your tissues and organs.When a Treg is activated by binding to an antigen-MHC complex presenting a portion of a collagen molecule, the activated Treg will

Accepted Answer

A)  activate B lymphocytes to divide and secrete antibodies against collagen. 
B)  activate T-helper cells that recognize the same antigen-MHC complex. 
C)  deactivate the antigen-presenting cell by phagocytosis. 
D)  block the activation of T-helper and cytotoxic T cells that bind the same antigen-MHC complex. 
E)  secrete cytokines that kill B lymphocytes secreting antibodies specific for collagen. 
A)  activate B lymphocytes to divide and secrete antibodies against collagen. 
B)  activate T-helper cells that recognize the same antigen-MHC complex. 
C)  deactivate the antigen-presenting cell by phagocytosis. 
D)  block the activation of T-helper and cytotoxic T cells that bind the same antigen-MHC complex. 
E)  secrete cytokines that kill B lymphocytes secreting antibodies specific for collagen.

Question 15

Which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  MHC proteins can act as nonself antigens in tissue transplants between one individual and another. 
B)  MHC proteins are displayed only on specialized antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages. 
C)  Developing T cells that recognize the body's own MHC proteins undergo apoptosis in a normally functioning body. 
D)  In transplants of tissues from one individual to another, the material is usually recognized as self and is not rejected. 
E)  Rejection of transplanted tissue can be avoided if the patient is treated with a drug that suppresses the humoral immune response. 
A)  MHC proteins can act as nonself antigens in tissue transplants between one individual and another. 
B)  MHC proteins are displayed only on specialized antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages. 
C)  Developing T cells that recognize the body's own MHC proteins undergo apoptosis in a normally functioning body. 
D)  In transplants of tissues from one individual to another, the material is usually recognized as self and is not rejected. 
E)  Rejection of transplanted tissue can be avoided if the patient is treated with a drug that suppresses the humoral immune response.

Question 16

If you get a splinter in your hand, your body responds with a number of inflammation and wound-healing responses.Which is one of those responses?

Accepted Answer

A)  Histamines cause capillaries to constrict. 
B)  Lymphocytes engulf bacteria and other dead cells. 
C)  Complement proteins dissolve the clot that forms. 
D)  Some complement proteins elevate body temperature. 
E)  Growth factors from white blood cells and platelets stimulate cell division in the skin. 
A)  Histamines cause capillaries to constrict. 
B)  Lymphocytes engulf bacteria and other dead cells. 
C)  Complement proteins dissolve the clot that forms. 
D)  Some complement proteins elevate body temperature. 
E)  Growth factors from white blood cells and platelets stimulate cell division in the skin.

Question 17

When would a B cell present an antigen on an MHC I protein?

Accepted Answer

A)  After the B cell is infected with a virus 
B)  As part of the effector phase of any immune response 
C)  After activation by a TH cell 
D)  After ingesting a pathogen in a phagosome 
E)  After stimulation by cytokines 
A)  After the B cell is infected with a virus 
B)  As part of the effector phase of any immune response 
C)  After activation by a TH cell 
D)  After ingesting a pathogen in a phagosome 
E)  After stimulation by cytokines

Question 18

Each B cell can produce _______ specific antibody(ies) with a particular amino acid sequence.

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 to 4 
C)  an average of 6 
D)  20-100 
E)  over a million 
A)  1 
B)  2 to 4 
C)  an average of 6 
D)  20-100 
E)  over a million

Question 19

A body's tolerance to its own molecules involves

Accepted Answer

A)  suppression of the cellular immune response. 
B)  the presence of class II MHC molecules on all cells. 
C)  the presence of CD4 on most cells. 
D)  apoptosis of all cells with class I MHC self antigens. 
E)  the removal of immature B or T cells that show the potential to mount a response against self antigens. 
A)  suppression of the cellular immune response. 
B)  the presence of class II MHC molecules on all cells. 
C)  the presence of CD4 on most cells. 
D)  apoptosis of all cells with class I MHC self antigens. 
E)  the removal of immature B or T cells that show the potential to mount a response against self antigens.

Question 20

Which characterizes antibodies?

Accepted Answer

A)  They occur in blood but not lymph. 
B)  They present antigen to T-helper cells. 
C)  They bind to molecules that identify self. 
D)  They are secreted as multiple copies when an antigen invades the body for the first time and binds to a B cell receptor. 
E)  They are produced by cytotoxic T cells. 
A)  They occur in blood but not lymph. 
B)  They present antigen to T-helper cells. 
C)  They bind to molecules that identify self. 
D)  They are secreted as multiple copies when an antigen invades the body for the first time and binds to a B cell receptor. 
E)  They are produced by cytotoxic T cells.

Exam 41: Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Which statement is true?

Class I MHC proteins

HIV targets CD4-expressing T cells.One of the long-term results of this is

Toll-like receptors

Bacteria and fungi that live on our body's surfaces but do not cause disease (and often perform essential roles in defense and other activities) are known collectively as _______.

DNA rearrangements in the B cell

Which statements about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is true?

Which statement is correct?

Refer to the graph showing a typical progression of an untreated HIV infection in a human.The x axis represents time, but the scale differs in different subsections. At what point in the progress of the HIV infection do opportunistic infections typically appear?

An adaptive immune defense

The cells that recognize virus-infected or mutated cells and kill them via lysis are known as _______ T cells.

Cells that become infected by HIV include

Which is a primary factor in causing an HIV infection to progress to a deficiency in the immune system of a person?

Collagen is a structural protein that is necessary for the integrity of many of your tissues and organs.When a Treg is activated by binding to an antigen-MHC complex presenting a portion of a collagen molecule, the activated Treg will

Which statement is true?

If you get a splinter in your hand, your body responds with a number of inflammation and wound-healing responses.Which is one of those responses?

When would a B cell present an antigen on an MHC I protein?

Each B cell can produce _______ specific antibody(ies) with a particular amino acid sequence.

A body's tolerance to its own molecules involves

Which characterizes antibodies?

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