Question 1

Refer to the figure, which shows a prokaryote.   Which statement about the organism shown is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a bacteriophage that controls the bacteria that cause bubonic plague. 
B)  It has several important genes in common with eukaryotes. 
C)  It is a member of a group that first generated atmospheric oxygen on Earth. 
D)  It is of a type that causes syphilis in humans. 
E)  It is an important source of antibiotics. 
A)  It is a bacteriophage that controls the bacteria that cause bubonic plague. 
B)  It has several important genes in common with eukaryotes. 
C)  It is a member of a group that first generated atmospheric oxygen on Earth. 
D)  It is of a type that causes syphilis in humans. 
E)  It is an important source of antibiotics. D

Question 2

Organisms found in samples isolated from the hypersaline Don Juan Pond in Antarctica would be classified as _______.

Accepted Answer

halophiles

Question 3

Which statement about the mutation rates of most viruses is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are rapid, which makes evolutionary relationships difficult to trace. 
B)  They are slow because viruses are relatively primitive microbes. 
C)  The rates decrease as temperatures increase. 
D)  They are affected by lateral gene transfer. 
E)  None of the above; viruses do not mutate. 
A)  They are rapid, which makes evolutionary relationships difficult to trace. 
B)  They are slow because viruses are relatively primitive microbes. 
C)  The rates decrease as temperatures increase. 
D)  They are affected by lateral gene transfer. 
E)  None of the above; viruses do not mutate. A

Question 4

Which of the following is not evidence for the theory that all known life has a single origin?

Accepted Answer

A)  All organisms have cell membranes. 
B)  All organisms have ribosomes. 
C)  All organisms replicate their DNA semiconservatively. 
D)  All organisms use DNA as their genetic material. 
E)  All organisms replicate their RNA semiconservatively. 
A)  All organisms have cell membranes. 
B)  All organisms have ribosomes. 
C)  All organisms replicate their DNA semiconservatively. 
D)  All organisms use DNA as their genetic material. 
E)  All organisms replicate their RNA semiconservatively.

Question 5

Which of the following statement about viruses is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  There are fewer marine viruses than there are marine bacteria. 
B)  Bacteriophages limit the duration of bacterial blooms in the ocean. 
C)  Plant viruses can kill leaf cells and cause mottling in leaves. 
D)  Viruses that cause uncontrolled cell division can lead to cancer. 
E)  Bacteriophages can diminish the severity of cholera in humans. 
A)  There are fewer marine viruses than there are marine bacteria. 
B)  Bacteriophages limit the duration of bacterial blooms in the ocean. 
C)  Plant viruses can kill leaf cells and cause mottling in leaves. 
D)  Viruses that cause uncontrolled cell division can lead to cancer. 
E)  Bacteriophages can diminish the severity of cholera in humans.

Question 6

Kashefi and Lovley were able to grow an unnamed archaeal species at temperatures above 120°C only because they used Fe3+ as an electron acceptor-no other electron acceptor they tried allowed the species to grow (see Figure 25.14A).How might you explore the same or other high-temperature environments for other hyperthermophilic organisms not detected by Kashefi and Lovley using Fe3+?

Accepted Answer

There are many possible experiments that

Question 7

Ecosystems based on chemoautotrophic prokaryotes occur around deep-sea hydrothermal vents at 2,500 m below the ocean surface.These bacteria

Accepted Answer

A)  obtain energy from sunlight. 
B)  obtain energy as endoparasites of giant worms. 
C)  obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide. 
D)  oxidize organic compounds for energy. 
E)  obtain energy by reducing heavy metals. 
A)  obtain energy from sunlight. 
B)  obtain energy as endoparasites of giant worms. 
C)  obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide. 
D)  oxidize organic compounds for energy. 
E)  obtain energy by reducing heavy metals.

Question 8

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) nucleotide sequences are suitable for phylogenetic analysis of prokaryotes, because rRNA

Accepted Answer

A)  is only present in certain species of bacteria. 
B)  performs functions unique to every organism. 
C)  is rapidly evolving. 
D)  is often a product of lateral gene transfer. 
E)  is relatively slow to evolve and is present in all free-living organisms. 
A)  is only present in certain species of bacteria. 
B)  performs functions unique to every organism. 
C)  is rapidly evolving. 
D)  is often a product of lateral gene transfer. 
E)  is relatively slow to evolve and is present in all free-living organisms.

Question 9

Which statement concerning bacteria is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They reproduce only asexually. 
B)  They reproduce only sexually. 
C)  They exchange genetic information during sexual reproduction. 
D)  They all produce structures called spores. 
E)  They all have alternating cell morphologies. 
A)  They reproduce only asexually. 
B)  They reproduce only sexually. 
C)  They exchange genetic information during sexual reproduction. 
D)  They all produce structures called spores. 
E)  They all have alternating cell morphologies.

Question 10

The Sumatran elephant is a critically endangered species.You are part of a research group that is going to sequence its genome in the hope that you can learn more about the species before it disappears.After analyzing its genome, you find a sizable percentage of the DNA is noncoding and not eukaryotic in origin.What is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

A)  The elephant genome is vastly different from other eukaryotic species, a possible reason it has become endangered. 
B)  The sequences of these elephants are remnants of ancestral retroviral infections. 
C)  The individual elephant sequenced had recently consumed a large quantity of vegetation, causing plant sequences to be detected in the genome data. 
D)  The sequences of these elephants are a product of lateral gene transfer. 
E)  There was contamination in your sequencing samples. 
A)  The elephant genome is vastly different from other eukaryotic species, a possible reason it has become endangered. 
B)  The sequences of these elephants are remnants of ancestral retroviral infections. 
C)  The individual elephant sequenced had recently consumed a large quantity of vegetation, causing plant sequences to be detected in the genome data. 
D)  The sequences of these elephants are a product of lateral gene transfer. 
E)  There was contamination in your sequencing samples.

Question 11

It is difficult to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships in viruses, because of their

Accepted Answer

A)  free-living nature. 
B)  parasitic nature. 
C)  rapid evolutionary rates. 
D)  slow evolutionary rates. 
E)  diverse capsid morphologies. 
A)  free-living nature. 
B)  parasitic nature. 
C)  rapid evolutionary rates. 
D)  slow evolutionary rates. 
E)  diverse capsid morphologies.

Question 12

Chlamydias are known as "energy parasites." Your research group has identified a mutant strain that is no longer able to acquire ATP from its host.The phenotype of this strain is likely due to a mutation in its _______ gene.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Chlamydias are known as "energy parasites." Your...

Question 13

The _______ of cyanobacteria carry out _______, whereas the _______ carry out _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  vegetative cells; nitrogen fixation; heterocysts; photosynthesis 
B)  spores; photosynthesis; vegetative cells; nitrogen fixation 
C)  vegetative cells; photosynthesis; heterocysts; nitrogen fixation 
D)  heterocysts; photosynthesis; spores; nitrogen fixation 
E)  vegetative cells; nitrogen fixation; spores; photosynthesis 
A)  vegetative cells; nitrogen fixation; heterocysts; photosynthesis 
B)  spores; photosynthesis; vegetative cells; nitrogen fixation 
C)  vegetative cells; photosynthesis; heterocysts; nitrogen fixation 
D)  heterocysts; photosynthesis; spores; nitrogen fixation 
E)  vegetative cells; nitrogen fixation; spores; photosynthesis

Question 14

Which statement about methanogenic species of Euryarchaeota is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They release approximately 2 billion tons of methane annually, which is 80 to 90 percent of the methane that enters the atmosphere. 
B)  They occur in the guts of ruminants and other mammals. 
C)  They contribute to the greenhouse effect. 
D)  They are obligate anaerobes. 
E)  They reduce nitrite ions as a key step in their energy metabolism. 
A)  They release approximately 2 billion tons of methane annually, which is 80 to 90 percent of the methane that enters the atmosphere. 
B)  They occur in the guts of ruminants and other mammals. 
C)  They contribute to the greenhouse effect. 
D)  They are obligate anaerobes. 
E)  They reduce nitrite ions as a key step in their energy metabolism.

Question 15

Which of the following about antibiotics and the medical use of bacteriophages is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bacteriophages have been used to treat dysentery, cholera, and bubonic plague. 
B)  Bacteriophage therapy continued in the United States following World War II, while the practice largely ended in the Soviet Union. 
C)  Evolution of antibiotic resistance, resulting in the loss of effectiveness of antibiotics. 
D)  Evolution among bacteriophages is creating a pool of new strains to be used when target pathogens develop resistance. 
E)  Bacteriophages are providing a weapon against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. 
A)  Bacteriophages have been used to treat dysentery, cholera, and bubonic plague. 
B)  Bacteriophage therapy continued in the United States following World War II, while the practice largely ended in the Soviet Union. 
C)  Evolution of antibiotic resistance, resulting in the loss of effectiveness of antibiotics. 
D)  Evolution among bacteriophages is creating a pool of new strains to be used when target pathogens develop resistance. 
E)  Bacteriophages are providing a weapon against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Question 16

Positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses

Accepted Answer

A)  have only a few genes, including one that allows them to make mRNA from their genome. 
B)  are responsible for causing plant diseases and are referred to as mosaic viruses. 
C)  regenerate themselves using reverse transcription. 
D)  are polyphyletic, and some have more than a million base pairs. 
E)  have distinct lipids in their plasma membranes. 
A)  have only a few genes, including one that allows them to make mRNA from their genome. 
B)  are responsible for causing plant diseases and are referred to as mosaic viruses. 
C)  regenerate themselves using reverse transcription. 
D)  are polyphyletic, and some have more than a million base pairs. 
E)  have distinct lipids in their plasma membranes.

Question 17

Match the name of the bacteria from the list below with the description that follows.

Accepted Answer

A)  Cyanobacteria 
B)  Spirochetes 
C)  Chlamydias 
D)  Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria 
E)  Actinobacteria These bacteria form filaments. In some species chains of spores occur at the ends of the filaments. They include the bacteria that cause tuberculosis and those that produce the antibiotic streptomycin. Most antibiotics come from bacteria in this group. 
A)  Cyanobacteria 
B)  Spirochetes 
C)  Chlamydias 
D)  Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria 
E)  Actinobacteria These bacteria form filaments. In some species chains of spores occur at the ends of the filaments. They include the bacteria that cause tuberculosis and those that produce the antibiotic streptomycin. Most antibiotics come from bacteria in this group.

Question 18

Which statement about chlamydias is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are among the smallest bacteria. 
B)  They can live only as parasites in the cells of other organisms. 
C)  They cause eye infections (especially trachoma) in humans. 
D)  They use an enzyme to take up ATP from their hosts. 
E)  They are Gram-negative photoautotrophs. 
A)  They are among the smallest bacteria. 
B)  They can live only as parasites in the cells of other organisms. 
C)  They cause eye infections (especially trachoma) in humans. 
D)  They use an enzyme to take up ATP from their hosts. 
E)  They are Gram-negative photoautotrophs.

Question 19

Which of the following is a property of eukaryotes but not of prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Possession of cell membranes 
B)  Semiconservative DNA replication 
C)  A single circular chromosome and plasmids 
D)  Distinctive photosynthetic membrane systems 
E)  Membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic organelles 
A)  Possession of cell membranes 
B)  Semiconservative DNA replication 
C)  A single circular chromosome and plasmids 
D)  Distinctive photosynthetic membrane systems 
E)  Membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic organelles

Question 20

Upon sequencing the koala genome, you find a sizable percentage of the DNA is noncoding and not eukaryotic in origin.What is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Koalas are not eukaryotes. 
B)  You had contamination in your sequencing samples. 
C)  The koala used in the study was suffering from a new strain of influenza. 
D)  These sequences are a product of lateral gene transfer. 
E)  These sequences are remnants of ancestral retroviral infections. 
A)  Koalas are not eukaryotes. 
B)  You had contamination in your sequencing samples. 
C)  The koala used in the study was suffering from a new strain of influenza. 
D)  These sequences are a product of lateral gene transfer. 
E)  These sequences are remnants of ancestral retroviral infections.

Exam 25: Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

Refer to the figure, which shows a prokaryote. Which statement about the organism shown is true?

Organisms found in samples isolated from the hypersaline Don Juan Pond in Antarctica would be classified as _______.

Which statement about the mutation rates of most viruses is true?

Which of the following is not evidence for the theory that all known life has a single origin?

Which of the following statement about viruses is false?

Ecosystems based on chemoautotrophic prokaryotes occur around deep-sea hydrothermal vents at 2,500 m below the ocean surface.These bacteria

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) nucleotide sequences are suitable for phylogenetic analysis of prokaryotes, because rRNA

Which statement concerning bacteria is true?

It is difficult to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships in viruses, because of their

Chlamydias are known as "energy parasites." Your research group has identified a mutant strain that is no longer able to acquire ATP from its host.The phenotype of this strain is likely due to a mutation in its _______ gene.

The _______ of cyanobacteria carry out _______, whereas the _______ carry out _______.

Which statement about methanogenic species of Euryarchaeota is false?

Which of the following about antibiotics and the medical use of bacteriophages is false?

Positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses

Match the name of the bacteria from the list below with the description that follows.

Which statement about chlamydias is false?

Which of the following is a property of eukaryotes but not of prokaryotes?

Upon sequencing the koala genome, you find a sizable percentage of the DNA is noncoding and not eukaryotic in origin.What is the most likely explanation?

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

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Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

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The ___ of cyanobacteria carry out _, whereas the _ carry out ___.