Question 1

Antibiotics would likely have no effect on prokaryotic _______, which lack _______ in their cell walls.

Accepted Answer

archaea; p

Question 2

One factor that determines the consequences of a bacterial infection for the host is the ability of the bacterium to produce chemical substances injurious to the host's tissues.The anthrax-causing bacterium Bacillus anthracis produces a small amount of a few toxins.However, it can multiply readily, and ultimately it invades the entire bloodstream.Such a bacterium, therefore, has qualities of _______ invasiveness and _______ toxigenicity.

Accepted Answer

A)  low; high 
B)  high; high 
C)  low; low 
D)  high; low 
E)  moderate; moderate 
A)  low; high 
B)  high; high 
C)  low; low 
D)  high; low 
E)  moderate; moderate

Question 3

Which statement about methanogens is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Methane is their preferred carbon source. 
B)  They are associated with mammalian flatulence. 
C)  They prefer anaerobic conditions. 
D)  Some are thermophilic. 
E)  Some live in volcanic vents on the ocean floor. 
A)  Methane is their preferred carbon source. 
B)  They are associated with mammalian flatulence. 
C)  They prefer anaerobic conditions. 
D)  Some are thermophilic. 
E)  Some live in volcanic vents on the ocean floor.

Question 4

Which group of prokaryotes was responsible for converting Earth's early atmosphere from an anaerobic to an aerobic environment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Proteobacteria 
B)  Halophiles 
C)  Cyanobacteria 
D)  Spirochetes 
E)  Actinobacteria 
A)  Proteobacteria 
B)  Halophiles 
C)  Cyanobacteria 
D)  Spirochetes 
E)  Actinobacteria

Question 5

The space between the outer membrane and the cell membrane of a Gram-negative bacterium is called the _______ space.

Accepted Answer

A)  periplasmic 
B)  negative 
C)  perimembrane 
D)  enzymatic 
E)  resistance 
A)  periplasmic 
B)  negative 
C)  perimembrane 
D)  enzymatic 
E)  resistance

Question 6

The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is found on the skin of many healthy adults; however, it is a common source of wound infection.Which hurdle facing potential pathogens is overcome when a wound is infected?

Accepted Answer

A)  A pathogen must arrive at the body surface of a potential host. 
B)  A pathogen must be able to enter the host's body. 
C)  A pathogen must be able to evade host defenses. 
D)  A pathogen must be able to reproduce inside the host. 
E)  A pathogen must be able to infect a new host. 
A)  A pathogen must arrive at the body surface of a potential host. 
B)  A pathogen must be able to enter the host's body. 
C)  A pathogen must be able to evade host defenses. 
D)  A pathogen must be able to reproduce inside the host. 
E)  A pathogen must be able to infect a new host.

Question 7

The best place to look for a new, heat-tolerant DNA polymerase enzyme would be among the

Accepted Answer

A)  acidophilic thermophiles. 
B)  methanogens. 
C)  strict halophiles. 
D)  proteobacteria. 
E)  cyanobacteria. 
A)  acidophilic thermophiles. 
B)  methanogens. 
C)  strict halophiles. 
D)  proteobacteria. 
E)  cyanobacteria.

Question 8

Refer to the figure.   A patient is admitted to the hospital complaining of pain when breathing, fatigue, and night sweats.You collect a cell culture from the patient's lungs and view it under the microscope.Based on the microscope image shown, what conclusions can you draw about the causal agent of the disease your patient is suffering from?

Accepted Answer

The size of the organism is consistent w

Question 9

Human diseases can be caused by

Accepted Answer

A)  all types of viruses. 
B)  only DNA viruses. 
C)  only RNA viruses. 
D)  only RNA retroviruses. 
E)  only single-stranded viruses. 
A)  all types of viruses. 
B)  only DNA viruses. 
C)  only RNA viruses. 
D)  only RNA retroviruses. 
E)  only single-stranded viruses.

Question 10

_______ is the source of the thermally stable DNA polymerase that was critical for the development of the widely used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and can occur in domestic water heaters.

Accepted Answer

A)  The hyperthermic bacterium Aquifex, which lives near volcanic vents, 
B)  The high-GC Gram-positive bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
C)  The hadobacterium Thermus aquaticus 
D)  The proteobacterium Escherichia coli 
E)  The thermophilic, acidophilic crenarchaeote Sulfolobus 
A)  The hyperthermic bacterium Aquifex, which lives near volcanic vents, 
B)  The high-GC Gram-positive bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
C)  The hadobacterium Thermus aquaticus 
D)  The proteobacterium Escherichia coli 
E)  The thermophilic, acidophilic crenarchaeote Sulfolobus

Question 11

You are interested in studying RPP13, a plant gene involved in disease resistance.The genomic copy of RPP13 is full of introns, and to simplify your experimental design, you isolate the mRNA of this gene (which lacks introns).Which enzyme will be crucial in the next step of generating a cDNA version of RPP13?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reverse transcriptase 
B)  RNA polymerase 
C)  Translocase 
D)  DNA polymerase 
E)  Oxygenase 
A)  Reverse transcriptase 
B)  RNA polymerase 
C)  Translocase 
D)  DNA polymerase 
E)  Oxygenase

Question 12

You work for a wastewater treatment plant.An organism is getting past your treatment process, and fish are dying in a stream that the runoff enters.You are able to isolate the organism.Using a microscope, how can you tell whether the organism is a prokaryote or a eukaryote?

Accepted Answer

The most immediately apparent difference

Question 13

Refer to the figure.   This cross section of a bacterium shows the axial filaments used to produce a corkscrew-like movement.This feature is characteristic of the group of bacteria known as

Accepted Answer

A)  high-GC Gram-positive bacteria (actinobacteria). 
B)  low-GC Gram-positive bacteria (firmicutes). 
C)  spirochetes. 
D)  proteobacteria. 
E) cyanobacteria. 
A)  high-GC Gram-positive bacteria (actinobacteria). 
B)  low-GC Gram-positive bacteria (firmicutes). 
C)  spirochetes. 
D)  proteobacteria. 
E) cyanobacteria.

Question 14

You and your team of researchers excavate a cluster of endospores from a core of Arctic ice.What conclusion can you draw from this find?

Accepted Answer

A)  These firmicutes must have been extremophiles. 
B)  These firmicutes were attacked by a bacteriophage prior to freezing. 
C)  These firmicutes reproduced just before they were frozen. 
D)  These firmicutes must have experienced a period of nutrient starvation prior to freezing. 
E)  The genetic makeup of these endospores is likely similar to that of present-day firmicutes. 
A)  These firmicutes must have been extremophiles. 
B)  These firmicutes were attacked by a bacteriophage prior to freezing. 
C)  These firmicutes reproduced just before they were frozen. 
D)  These firmicutes must have experienced a period of nutrient starvation prior to freezing. 
E)  The genetic makeup of these endospores is likely similar to that of present-day firmicutes.

Question 15

Mycoplasmas typically

Accepted Answer

A)  lack cell walls and form a branched, filamentous mycelium. 
B)  have cell walls with peptidoglycan and the smallest amount of DNA known in a cell. 
C)  lack cell walls and have the smallest amount of DNA known in a cell. 
D)  possess elaborate internal membrane systems and no cell wall. 
E)  form a branched, filamentous mycelium containing peptidoglycan. 
A)  lack cell walls and form a branched, filamentous mycelium. 
B)  have cell walls with peptidoglycan and the smallest amount of DNA known in a cell. 
C)  lack cell walls and have the smallest amount of DNA known in a cell. 
D)  possess elaborate internal membrane systems and no cell wall. 
E)  form a branched, filamentous mycelium containing peptidoglycan.

Question 16

After completing a course of antibiotics that target peptidoglycan, a patient is still suffering from diarrhea.Which would not be a reasonable explanation?

Accepted Answer

A)  The diarrhea is being caused by a eukaryotic microorganism. 
B)  The bacterium has formed a biofilm, shielding it from antibiotics. 
C)  The bacterium responsible is from the mycoplasma group of bacteria. 
D)  The bacterium has acquired antibiotic resistance through lateral gene transfer. 
E)  The patient is infected with several different Gram-positive bacteria that are not susceptible to this antibiotic. 
A)  The diarrhea is being caused by a eukaryotic microorganism. 
B)  The bacterium has formed a biofilm, shielding it from antibiotics. 
C)  The bacterium responsible is from the mycoplasma group of bacteria. 
D)  The bacterium has acquired antibiotic resistance through lateral gene transfer. 
E)  The patient is infected with several different Gram-positive bacteria that are not susceptible to this antibiotic.

Question 17

Refer to the figure.   Judging only from the morphology of the cells, which bacterial genus could this micrograph be showing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Enterococcus 
B)  Staphylococcus 
C)  Bacillus 
D)  Leptospira 
E)  Actinomyces 
A)  Enterococcus 
B)  Staphylococcus 
C)  Bacillus 
D)  Leptospira 
E)  Actinomyces

Question 18

Living bacterial pathogens can produce _______, which are protein substances injurious to the tissues of the host.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Living bacterial pathogens can produce _______, which...

Question 19

Compare and contrast microbiomes and biofilms.

Accepted Answer

Microbiomes are the communities of proka

Question 20

Organisms that metabolize compounds in dead organic material and return the products to the environment as inorganic substances

Accepted Answer

A)  remove those substances from elemental cycling. 
B)  are exclusively fungi. 
C)  include many prokaryotes. 
D)  are exclusively photoautotrophs. 
E)  are called methanogens. 
A)  remove those substances from elemental cycling. 
B)  are exclusively fungi. 
C)  include many prokaryotes. 
D)  are exclusively photoautotrophs. 
E)  are called methanogens.

Exam 25: Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

Antibiotics would likely have no effect on prokaryotic _______, which lack _______ in their cell walls.

Which statement about methanogens is false?

Which group of prokaryotes was responsible for converting Earth's early atmosphere from an anaerobic to an aerobic environment?

The space between the outer membrane and the cell membrane of a Gram-negative bacterium is called the _______ space.

The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is found on the skin of many healthy adults; however, it is a common source of wound infection.Which hurdle facing potential pathogens is overcome when a wound is infected?

The best place to look for a new, heat-tolerant DNA polymerase enzyme would be among the

Human diseases can be caused by

_______ is the source of the thermally stable DNA polymerase that was critical for the development of the widely used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and can occur in domestic water heaters.

You work for a wastewater treatment plant.An organism is getting past your treatment process, and fish are dying in a stream that the runoff enters.You are able to isolate the organism.Using a microscope, how can you tell whether the organism is a prokaryote or a eukaryote?

Refer to the figure. This cross section of a bacterium shows the axial filaments used to produce a corkscrew-like movement.This feature is characteristic of the group of bacteria known as

You and your team of researchers excavate a cluster of endospores from a core of Arctic ice.What conclusion can you draw from this find?

Mycoplasmas typically

After completing a course of antibiotics that target peptidoglycan, a patient is still suffering from diarrhea.Which would not be a reasonable explanation?

Refer to the figure. Judging only from the morphology of the cells, which bacterial genus could this micrograph be showing?

Living bacterial pathogens can produce _______, which are protein substances injurious to the tissues of the host.

Compare and contrast microbiomes and biofilms.

Organisms that metabolize compounds in dead organic material and return the products to the environment as inorganic substances

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

Species Interactions

Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

Filters

Antibiotics would likely have no effect on prokaryotic _, which lack _ in their cell walls.