Question 1

Which of the land plant groups is considered to be the sister group of all the others?

Accepted Answer

A)  Liverworts 
B)  Mosses 
C)  Hornworts 
D)  Tracheophytes 
E)  Flowering plants 
A)  Liverworts 
B)  Mosses 
C)  Hornworts 
D)  Tracheophytes 
E)  Flowering plants A

Question 2

Which living group was the earliest to evolutionarily diverge from all other living vascular plants?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rhyniophytes (now extinct) 
B)  Monilophytes (horsetails and ferns) 
C)  Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts) 
D)  Gymnosperms 
E)  Angiosperms 
A)  Rhyniophytes (now extinct) 
B)  Monilophytes (horsetails and ferns) 
C)  Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts) 
D)  Gymnosperms 
E)  Angiosperms C

Question 3

Approximately _______ species of moss (Bryophyta) have been described.

Accepted Answer

A)  15 
B)  100 
C)  1,200 
D)  9,000 
E)  15,000 
A)  15 
B)  100 
C)  1,200 
D)  9,000 
E)  15,000 E

Question 4

In the fern life cycle,

Accepted Answer

A)  the mature gametophyte is nutritionally dependent on the sporophyte. 
B)  the mature sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte. 
C)  the mature sporophyte and gametophyte are mutually nutritionally dependent. 
D)  the gametophyte is larger and longer-lived than the sporophyte. 
E)  the sporophyte is larger and longer-lived than the gametophyte. 
A)  the mature gametophyte is nutritionally dependent on the sporophyte. 
B)  the mature sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte. 
C)  the mature sporophyte and gametophyte are mutually nutritionally dependent. 
D)  the gametophyte is larger and longer-lived than the sporophyte. 
E)  the sporophyte is larger and longer-lived than the gametophyte.

Question 5

Which of the nonvascular plant clades has the highest number of extant species?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lycopodiophyta (clubmosses and relatives) 
B)  Anthocerophyta (hornworts) 
C)  Monilophyta (ferns and horsetails) 
D)  Bryophyta (mosses) 
E)  Hepatophyta (liverworts) 
A)  Lycopodiophyta (clubmosses and relatives) 
B)  Anthocerophyta (hornworts) 
C)  Monilophyta (ferns and horsetails) 
D)  Bryophyta (mosses) 
E)  Hepatophyta (liverworts)

Question 6

Refer to the figure.   Which statement provides the most accurate description of the structures shown in the figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  These structures are found on lycophytes and are involved in asexual reproduction. 
B)  These structures contain the archegonia of liverwort gametophytes. 
C)  These structures give rise to the sporophyte generation and are found on the gametophytes of lycophytes. 
D)  These structures contain small, lens-shaped outgrowths that are capable of asexually propagating liverworts. 
E)  These structures represent early stages of independent sporophytes. 
A)  These structures are found on lycophytes and are involved in asexual reproduction. 
B)  These structures contain the archegonia of liverwort gametophytes. 
C)  These structures give rise to the sporophyte generation and are found on the gametophytes of lycophytes. 
D)  These structures contain small, lens-shaped outgrowths that are capable of asexually propagating liverworts. 
E)  These structures represent early stages of independent sporophytes.

Question 7

The cuticle was one of the most important adaptations to life on land for plants because it

Accepted Answer

A)  protected the plant from desiccation. 
B)  protected the plant from dangerous ultraviolet radiation. 
C)  attracted fungi for a mutually beneficial interaction. 
D)  supported the plant against the pull of gravity. 
E)  helped disperse gametes. 
A)  protected the plant from desiccation. 
B)  protected the plant from dangerous ultraviolet radiation. 
C)  attracted fungi for a mutually beneficial interaction. 
D)  supported the plant against the pull of gravity. 
E)  helped disperse gametes.

Question 8

All of the following are evolutionary adaptations shared by all land plants except

Accepted Answer

A)  waxy protective coverings. 
B)  support against gravity. 
C)  a means of taking up water from the soil. 
D)  protective structures for the young sporophyte. 
E)  water transport by xylem. 
A)  waxy protective coverings. 
B)  support against gravity. 
C)  a means of taking up water from the soil. 
D)  protective structures for the young sporophyte. 
E)  water transport by xylem.

Question 9

_______ are land plants with large leaves and no seeds, and they require water as a medium for the transfer of male gametes.The sori-bearing sporophytes and the gametophytes grow independently of each other.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ are land plants with large leaves...

Question 10

The megaphyll found in ferns and seed plants is thought to have evolved

Accepted Answer

A)  from sterile sporangia. 
B)  by the process of mitosis of microphylls. 
C)  by the process of heterospory. 
D)  as a result of branch flattening and overtopping growth. 
E)  spontaneously in multiple lineages. 
A)  from sterile sporangia. 
B)  by the process of mitosis of microphylls. 
C)  by the process of heterospory. 
D)  as a result of branch flattening and overtopping growth. 
E)  spontaneously in multiple lineages.

Question 11

Scientists have recently begun exploring green algae as a source of biofuels.Which is not a reason these photosynthetic eukaryotes are attractive targets for petroleum production?

Accepted Answer

A)  The use of algae is sustainable. 
B)  Most of the petroleum from the ocean depths originated from photosynthetic eukaryotes. 
C)  Algae can use wastewater as a source of nutrients, providing a dual benefit of biofuel production and water remediation. 
D)  Efficient growing facilities have already been established. 
E)  Algae can remove CO2 from the atmosphere, reducing the amount of greenhouse gas present in the air. 
A)  The use of algae is sustainable. 
B)  Most of the petroleum from the ocean depths originated from photosynthetic eukaryotes. 
C)  Algae can use wastewater as a source of nutrients, providing a dual benefit of biofuel production and water remediation. 
D)  Efficient growing facilities have already been established. 
E)  Algae can remove CO2 from the atmosphere, reducing the amount of greenhouse gas present in the air.

Question 12

Sporophytes and gametophytes differ from each other genetically because

Accepted Answer

A)  mitosis leads to larger gametophytes than sporophytes in mosses but to larger sporophytes than gametophytes in ferns. 
B)  mitosis produces the gametes in plants, but meiosis produces gametes in animals. 
C)  the sporophytes have one set of chromosomes from each parent, while gametophytes have only one set of chromosomes. 
D)  the chromosomes in the spores come from both parents, but the gametes only have one set of chromosomes. 
E)  gametophytes are evolutionarily more ancient than sporophytes, so their sequences have diverged. 
A)  mitosis leads to larger gametophytes than sporophytes in mosses but to larger sporophytes than gametophytes in ferns. 
B)  mitosis produces the gametes in plants, but meiosis produces gametes in animals. 
C)  the sporophytes have one set of chromosomes from each parent, while gametophytes have only one set of chromosomes. 
D)  the chromosomes in the spores come from both parents, but the gametes only have one set of chromosomes. 
E)  gametophytes are evolutionarily more ancient than sporophytes, so their sequences have diverged.

Question 13

Land plants likely arose from a green alga, such as an ancient stonewort species.If you could go back in time and examine them, what feature would you look for to distinguish an early land plant from a stonewort?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chlorophyll 
B)  Cell walls that are rich in cellulose 
C)  A cuticle 
D)  Nuclei 
E)  Tracheids 
A)  Chlorophyll 
B)  Cell walls that are rich in cellulose 
C)  A cuticle 
D)  Nuclei 
E)  Tracheids

Question 14

In a heterosporous life cycle, the microspore develops into the _______ gametophyte, and the megaspore develops into the _______ gametophyte.

Accepted Answer

A)  female; male 
B)  male; female 
C)  diploid; haploid 
D)  haploid; diploid 
E)  haploid; polyploid 
A)  female; male 
B)  male; female 
C)  diploid; haploid 
D)  haploid; diploid 
E)  haploid; polyploid

Question 15

The nonvascular plant clades (including moss) require liquid water for fertilization during sexual reproduction because

Accepted Answer

A)  they have no vascular system for transporting water to the developing sporophyte. 
B)  eggs are fertilized by a flagellated sperm that swims to the egg. 
C)  the neck of the archegonium has to degrade to allow the sperm to enter. 
D)  spores must swim to the egg for fertilization. 
E)  embryos develop in a water-filled sac. 
A)  they have no vascular system for transporting water to the developing sporophyte. 
B)  eggs are fertilized by a flagellated sperm that swims to the egg. 
C)  the neck of the archegonium has to degrade to allow the sperm to enter. 
D)  spores must swim to the egg for fertilization. 
E)  embryos develop in a water-filled sac.

Question 16

Vascular plants are thought to be the result of a single evolutionary event: the evolution of a wholly new cell type, the tracheid.This cell type

Accepted Answer

A)  provides a mechanism for the storage of a new type of carbohydrate, starch. 
B)  is the first cell type to contain chloroplasts. 
C)  permits fertilization in the absence of water, thus permitting plants to invade dry habitats. 
D)  forms the sporangium. 
E)  is the principal water-conducting element of the xylem in all early vascular plants. 
A)  provides a mechanism for the storage of a new type of carbohydrate, starch. 
B)  is the first cell type to contain chloroplasts. 
C)  permits fertilization in the absence of water, thus permitting plants to invade dry habitats. 
D)  forms the sporangium. 
E)  is the principal water-conducting element of the xylem in all early vascular plants.

Question 17

Which set of clades correctly describes the nonvascular land plants?

Accepted Answer

A)  Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts 
B)  Lycophytes, horsetails, ferns, cycads, ginkgo, gnetophytes, conifers, and flowering plants 
C)  Liverworts, mosses, hornworts, lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns 
D)  Cycads, ginkgo, gnetophytes, conifers, and flowering plants 
E)  Lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns 
A)  Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts 
B)  Lycophytes, horsetails, ferns, cycads, ginkgo, gnetophytes, conifers, and flowering plants 
C)  Liverworts, mosses, hornworts, lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns 
D)  Cycads, ginkgo, gnetophytes, conifers, and flowering plants 
E)  Lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns

Question 18

The cyanobacteria found in the internal mucilage-filled cavities of hornworts serve to

Accepted Answer

A)  provide structural support for the plant. 
B)  obtain mineral nutrients for the plant. 
C)  convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into a form usable by the plant. 
D)  convert atmospheric sulfur dioxide gas into a form usable by the plant. 
E)  provide carbohydrates to the plant. 
A)  provide structural support for the plant. 
B)  obtain mineral nutrients for the plant. 
C)  convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into a form usable by the plant. 
D)  convert atmospheric sulfur dioxide gas into a form usable by the plant. 
E)  provide carbohydrates to the plant.

Question 19

Megaphyll size increased as _______ on Earth.

Accepted Answer

A)  atmospheric CO2 increased 
B)  atmospheric CO2 decreased 
C)  atmospheric NO2 increased 
D)  atmospheric NO2 decreased 
E)  solar radiation increased 
A)  atmospheric CO2 increased 
B)  atmospheric CO2 decreased 
C)  atmospheric NO2 increased 
D)  atmospheric NO2 decreased 
E)  solar radiation increased

Question 20

In recent years, atmospheric levels of CO2 have increased and resulted in a global temperature change.With regard to leaf structure, this increase in CO2 could mean less selective pressure for _______, which would ultimately drive selection for a reduction in leaf area.

Accepted Answer

Exam 27: Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

Which of the land plant groups is considered to be the sister group of all the others?

Which living group was the earliest to evolutionarily diverge from all other living vascular plants?

Approximately _______ species of moss (Bryophyta) have been described.

In the fern life cycle,

Which of the nonvascular plant clades has the highest number of extant species?

Refer to the figure. Which statement provides the most accurate description of the structures shown in the figure?

The cuticle was one of the most important adaptations to life on land for plants because it

All of the following are evolutionary adaptations shared by all land plants except

_______ are land plants with large leaves and no seeds, and they require water as a medium for the transfer of male gametes.The sori-bearing sporophytes and the gametophytes grow independently of each other.

The megaphyll found in ferns and seed plants is thought to have evolved

Scientists have recently begun exploring green algae as a source of biofuels.Which is not a reason these photosynthetic eukaryotes are attractive targets for petroleum production?

Sporophytes and gametophytes differ from each other genetically because

Land plants likely arose from a green alga, such as an ancient stonewort species.If you could go back in time and examine them, what feature would you look for to distinguish an early land plant from a stonewort?

In a heterosporous life cycle, the microspore develops into the _______ gametophyte, and the megaspore develops into the _______ gametophyte.

The nonvascular plant clades (including moss) require liquid water for fertilization during sexual reproduction because

Vascular plants are thought to be the result of a single evolutionary event: the evolution of a wholly new cell type, the tracheid.This cell type

Which set of clades correctly describes the nonvascular land plants?

The cyanobacteria found in the internal mucilage-filled cavities of hornworts serve to

Megaphyll size increased as _______ on Earth.

In recent years, atmospheric levels of CO2 have increased and resulted in a global temperature change.With regard to leaf structure, this increase in CO2 could mean less selective pressure for _______, which would ultimately drive selection for a reduction in leaf area.

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

Species Interactions

Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

Filters

In a heterosporous life cycle, the microspore develops into the _ gametophyte, and the megaspore develops into the _ gametophyte.

In recent years, atmospheric levels of CO₂ have increased and resulted in a global temperature change.With regard to leaf structure, this increase in CO₂ could mean less selective pressure for _______, which would ultimately drive selection for a reduction in leaf area.