Question 1

Refer to the figure showing a receptor on a cell.   What type of cell is shown in the diagram?

Accepted Answer

A)  B lymphocyte 
B)  T lymphocyte 
C)  Plasma cell 
D)  Mast cell 
E)  Macrophage 
A)  B lymphocyte 
B)  T lymphocyte 
C)  Plasma cell 
D)  Mast cell 
E)  Macrophage B

Question 2

Vaccination against measles can prevent the disease in people because the vaccine

Accepted Answer

A)  is effective against all types of viruses. 
B)  contains antibodies against the measles virus. 
C)  contains memory cells that produce antibodies when the person is exposed to the virus. 
D)  contains a weakened or inactive form of the virus, initiating a primary immune response. 
E)  prevents the virus from ever entering the body. 
A)  is effective against all types of viruses. 
B)  contains antibodies against the measles virus. 
C)  contains memory cells that produce antibodies when the person is exposed to the virus. 
D)  contains a weakened or inactive form of the virus, initiating a primary immune response. 
E)  prevents the virus from ever entering the body. D

Question 3

Refer to the graph showing a person's immune response, first to a vaccination, and later to exposure to the pathogen that the vaccine targeted.Time is represented on the x-axis, but the scale is different for each subdivision.   Which immune response event takes the shortest amount of time?

Accepted Answer

C, the response to pathogen

Question 4

If a person is exposed to a virus, which event is part of the activation phase in that person's adaptive immune response to the virus?

Accepted Answer

A)  A virus-infected cell is engulfed by an antigen-presenting cell. 
B)  A protein of the virus is inserted into the cell membrane of an antigen-presenting cell. 
C)  B cells produce antibodies specific for the viral antigen. 
D)  Phagocytes engulf and destroy the virus. 
E)  T-helper cells recognize an antigen on an antigen-presenting cell and release cytokines. 
A)  A virus-infected cell is engulfed by an antigen-presenting cell. 
B)  A protein of the virus is inserted into the cell membrane of an antigen-presenting cell. 
C)  B cells produce antibodies specific for the viral antigen. 
D)  Phagocytes engulf and destroy the virus. 
E)  T-helper cells recognize an antigen on an antigen-presenting cell and release cytokines.

Question 5

In comparing the antigen-binding site of an antibody to the binding site of an enzyme, which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both change the covalent structure of the substance they bind. 
B)  Both leave the structure they bind unchanged. 
C)  An antibody changes the covalent structure of its bound antigen, and an enzyme does not change the covalent structure of its bound substrate. 
D)  An antigen changes the covalent structure of the antibody to which it binds, and a substrate does not change the covalent structure of the enzyme to which it binds. 
E)  An antibody does not change the covalent structure of its bound antigen, and an enzyme does change the covalent structure of its bound substrate. 
A)  Both change the covalent structure of the substance they bind. 
B)  Both leave the structure they bind unchanged. 
C)  An antibody changes the covalent structure of its bound antigen, and an enzyme does not change the covalent structure of its bound substrate. 
D)  An antigen changes the covalent structure of the antibody to which it binds, and a substrate does not change the covalent structure of the enzyme to which it binds. 
E)  An antibody does not change the covalent structure of its bound antigen, and an enzyme does change the covalent structure of its bound substrate.

Question 6

Inflammation occurs when _______ release _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  mast cells; histamine 
B)  neutrophils; toxins 
C)  B cells; histamine 
D)  mast cells; toxins 
E)  neutrophils; antihistamine 
A)  mast cells; histamine 
B)  neutrophils; toxins 
C)  B cells; histamine 
D)  mast cells; toxins 
E)  neutrophils; antihistamine

Question 7

Plasma cells are

Accepted Answer

A)  memory T cells that secrete cytokines. 
B)  effector cells in the cellular immune response. 
C)  effector B cells that secrete antibodies. 
D)  memory cells in the humoral immune response. 
E)  effector cells that are long lived, surviving up to decades in the body. 
A)  memory T cells that secrete cytokines. 
B)  effector cells in the cellular immune response. 
C)  effector B cells that secrete antibodies. 
D)  memory cells in the humoral immune response. 
E)  effector cells that are long lived, surviving up to decades in the body.

Question 8

Major histocompatibility proteins function in the immune system by

Accepted Answer

A)  engulfing pathogens. 
B)  presenting antigens to TC and TH cells. 
C)  generating antibodies to different pathogens. 
D)  presenting antigen fragments to B cells. 
E)  presenting macrophages to TH cells. 
A)  engulfing pathogens. 
B)  presenting antigens to TC and TH cells. 
C)  generating antibodies to different pathogens. 
D)  presenting antigen fragments to B cells. 
E)  presenting macrophages to TH cells.

Question 9

Which statement about the cellular immune response is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  During the activation phase, cytotoxic T cells recognize and bind to antigen-class II MHC complexes. 
B)  Cytotoxic T cells release interleukin-1 when bound to an antigen-presenting macrophage. 
C)  Class I MHC proteins display antigenic fragments on virus-infected cells during both the activation and effector phases. 
D)  Binding by a T cell to the CD4 receptor on the target cell initiates programmed cell death during the effector phase. 
E)  Perforin is a cytokine that stimulates proliferation of cytotoxic T cells in the effector phase. 
A)  During the activation phase, cytotoxic T cells recognize and bind to antigen-class II MHC complexes. 
B)  Cytotoxic T cells release interleukin-1 when bound to an antigen-presenting macrophage. 
C)  Class I MHC proteins display antigenic fragments on virus-infected cells during both the activation and effector phases. 
D)  Binding by a T cell to the CD4 receptor on the target cell initiates programmed cell death during the effector phase. 
E)  Perforin is a cytokine that stimulates proliferation of cytotoxic T cells in the effector phase.

Question 10

Which statement about innate and adaptive defenses is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Defense systems involve recognition of self from nonself. 
B)  Innate defenses typically act more slowly than adaptive defenses. 
C)  Adaptive defense mechanisms are typically the body's first line of defense. 
D)  Antibody proteins are an example of an innate defense. 
E)  Innate defenses are called specific defenses. 
A)  Defense systems involve recognition of self from nonself. 
B)  Innate defenses typically act more slowly than adaptive defenses. 
C)  Adaptive defense mechanisms are typically the body's first line of defense. 
D)  Antibody proteins are an example of an innate defense. 
E)  Innate defenses are called specific defenses.

Question 11

Refer to the figure showing an immune response to an antigen.   The cell labeled "A" is a _______ cell involved in a(n) _______ immune response.

Accepted Answer

A)  mast; innate 
B)  B lymphocyte; humoral 
C)  T lymphocyte; cellular 
D)  T-helper; adaptive 
E)  plasma; humoral 
A)  mast; innate 
B)  B lymphocyte; humoral 
C)  T lymphocyte; cellular 
D)  T-helper; adaptive 
E)  plasma; humoral

Question 12

Many passengers on a cruise ship at sea are exposed to a norovirus, which causes flu-like symptoms.Among the first components that a passenger's immune system produces in fighting the virus, is/are

Accepted Answer

A)  antibodies. 
B)  mucus. 
C)  natural killer cells. 
D)  T lymphocytes. 
E)  B lymphocytes. 
A)  antibodies. 
B)  mucus. 
C)  natural killer cells. 
D)  T lymphocytes. 
E)  B lymphocytes.

Question 13

Choose the incorrect pairing between a structural component of an immunoglobulin and its function.

Accepted Answer

A)  Disulfide bonds: hold different polypeptide chains together 
B)  Variable regions of light and heavy chains: form antigen binding site 
C)  Constant regions of heavy chains: determine destination and function of antibodies 
D)  Disulfide bonds: help hold an individual polypeptide chain together 
E)  Variable regions of light and heavy chains: form antigenic determinants 
A)  Disulfide bonds: hold different polypeptide chains together 
B)  Variable regions of light and heavy chains: form antigen binding site 
C)  Constant regions of heavy chains: determine destination and function of antibodies 
D)  Disulfide bonds: help hold an individual polypeptide chain together 
E)  Variable regions of light and heavy chains: form antigenic determinants

Question 14

Which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The T cell receptor is an immunoglobulin. 
B)  The receptors on T lymphocytes are different from those on B lymphocytes. 
C)  T cell receptors bind to intact antigens. 
D)  T cell activation is part of the innate immune response. 
E)  Activated T cells release antibodies. 
A)  The T cell receptor is an immunoglobulin. 
B)  The receptors on T lymphocytes are different from those on B lymphocytes. 
C)  T cell receptors bind to intact antigens. 
D)  T cell activation is part of the innate immune response. 
E)  Activated T cells release antibodies.

Question 15

The extraordinary diversity of antibodies results in part from

Accepted Answer

A)  the action of monoclonal antibodies. 
B)  the splicing of protein molecules. 
C)  the action of cytotoxic T cells. 
D)  the rearrangement of genes. 
E)  their remarkable nonspecificity. 
A)  the action of monoclonal antibodies. 
B)  the splicing of protein molecules. 
C)  the action of cytotoxic T cells. 
D)  the rearrangement of genes. 
E)  their remarkable nonspecificity.

Question 16

When receiving a lung transplant, a patient is likely to be treated with a drug that suppresses the _______ immune response.Unfortunately, this makes the patient more susceptible to cancer and infections.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When receiving a lung transplant, a patient...

Question 17

In human blood, the most abundant antibody class is

Accepted Answer

A)  IgE. 
B)  IgM. 
C)  IgG. 
D)  cytokine. 
E)  monoclonal. 
A)  IgE. 
B)  IgM. 
C)  IgG. 
D)  cytokine. 
E)  monoclonal.

Question 18

Normal microbial flora in the body

Accepted Answer

A)  are pathogens that normally cause infection. 
B)  form an adaptive defense because they compete with particular pathogens for resources. 
C)  are bacteria and fungi that naturally occupy the human body without causing disease. 
D)  are unable to compete with pathogens for space and nutrients. 
E)  are excluded from the skin by innate immune defenses. 
A)  are pathogens that normally cause infection. 
B)  form an adaptive defense because they compete with particular pathogens for resources. 
C)  are bacteria and fungi that naturally occupy the human body without causing disease. 
D)  are unable to compete with pathogens for space and nutrients. 
E)  are excluded from the skin by innate immune defenses.

Question 19

Which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nonself substances are major histocompatibility proteins that have been altered by T cells. 
B)  Prostaglandins are a type of cytokine involved in dilating blood vessels during inflammation. 
C)  Interferons help defend against viral pathogens by binding to the virus and causing it to lyse. 
D)  Major histocompatibility complex II proteins occur on the surfaces of a broader range of cell types than major histocompatibility complex I proteins. 
E)  Major histocompatibility complex proteins are used in identifying self from nonself substances. 
A)  Nonself substances are major histocompatibility proteins that have been altered by T cells. 
B)  Prostaglandins are a type of cytokine involved in dilating blood vessels during inflammation. 
C)  Interferons help defend against viral pathogens by binding to the virus and causing it to lyse. 
D)  Major histocompatibility complex II proteins occur on the surfaces of a broader range of cell types than major histocompatibility complex I proteins. 
E)  Major histocompatibility complex proteins are used in identifying self from nonself substances.

Question 20

For an organ transplant to be successful, it is often necessary to give the patient a drug that suppresses the cellular immune system.A drug that _______ is likely to be the most effective at immunosuppression.

Accepted Answer

A)  inactivates IgA 
B)  suppresses T-helper cells 
C)  targets genes for the constant region of an immunoglobulin 
D)  stimulates macrophages to present antigens 
E)  inactivates memory cells 
A)  inactivates IgA 
B)  suppresses T-helper cells 
C)  targets genes for the constant region of an immunoglobulin 
D)  stimulates macrophages to present antigens 
E)  inactivates memory cells

Exam 41: Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Refer to the figure showing a receptor on a cell. What type of cell is shown in the diagram?

Vaccination against measles can prevent the disease in people because the vaccine

Refer to the graph showing a person's immune response, first to a vaccination, and later to exposure to the pathogen that the vaccine targeted.Time is represented on the x-axis, but the scale is different for each subdivision. Which immune response event takes the shortest amount of time?

If a person is exposed to a virus, which event is part of the activation phase in that person's adaptive immune response to the virus?

In comparing the antigen-binding site of an antibody to the binding site of an enzyme, which statement is true?

Inflammation occurs when _______ release _______.

Plasma cells are

Major histocompatibility proteins function in the immune system by

Which statement about the cellular immune response is true?

Which statement about innate and adaptive defenses is true?

Refer to the figure showing an immune response to an antigen. The cell labeled "A" is a _______ cell involved in a(n) _______ immune response.

Many passengers on a cruise ship at sea are exposed to a norovirus, which causes flu-like symptoms.Among the first components that a passenger's immune system produces in fighting the virus, is/are

Choose the incorrect pairing between a structural component of an immunoglobulin and its function.

Which statement is true?

The extraordinary diversity of antibodies results in part from

When receiving a lung transplant, a patient is likely to be treated with a drug that suppresses the _______ immune response.Unfortunately, this makes the patient more susceptible to cancer and infections.

In human blood, the most abundant antibody class is

Normal microbial flora in the body

Which statement is true?

For an organ transplant to be successful, it is often necessary to give the patient a drug that suppresses the cellular immune system.A drug that _______ is likely to be the most effective at immunosuppression.

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

Species Interactions

Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

Filters

Inflammation occurs when _ release _.

Refer to the figure showing an immune response to an antigen. The cell labeled "A" is a _ cell involved in a(n) _ immune response.