Question 1

Which is a key trait of the adaptive immunity response?

Accepted Answer

A)  The ability to respond in a nonspecific way to a wide diversity of foreign molecules and organisms 
B)  Typically a more rapid response time than an innate immunity response 
C)  Relies on physical barriers such as skin 
D)  Immunological memory that often is long-lasting 
E)  Secretes defensins against pathogenic bacteria and viruses 
A)  The ability to respond in a nonspecific way to a wide diversity of foreign molecules and organisms 
B)  Typically a more rapid response time than an innate immunity response 
C)  Relies on physical barriers such as skin 
D)  Immunological memory that often is long-lasting 
E)  Secretes defensins against pathogenic bacteria and viruses

Question 2

The mechanisms of joining and random deletion account for only a part of antibody diversity.Vast numbers of unique immunoglobulins are also produced by

Accepted Answer

A)  mutations. 
B)  translocations. 
C)  cell fusion. 
D)  cell surface proteins. 
E)  clonal selection. 
A)  mutations. 
B)  translocations. 
C)  cell fusion. 
D)  cell surface proteins. 
E)  clonal selection.

Question 3

Which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Antibodies bind to substances identified by the immune system as nonself. 
B)  Like B cells, natural killer cells produce antibodies. 
C)  Antibodies are produced by T cells. 
D)  T cell receptors bind to antibodies in order to identify nonself. 
E)  Antibodies are part of the innate immune defense system. 
A)  Antibodies bind to substances identified by the immune system as nonself. 
B)  Like B cells, natural killer cells produce antibodies. 
C)  Antibodies are produced by T cells. 
D)  T cell receptors bind to antibodies in order to identify nonself. 
E)  Antibodies are part of the innate immune defense system.

Question 4

According to the clonal selection theory,

Accepted Answer

A)  an antibody changes its shape to match the antigen it meets. 
B)  an individual animal contains only one type of B cell. 
C)  an individual animal contains many types of B cells, each producing one kind of antibody. 
D)  each B cell produces many types of antibodies. 
E)  many clones of antiself lymphocytes appear in the bloodstream. 
A)  an antibody changes its shape to match the antigen it meets. 
B)  an individual animal contains only one type of B cell. 
C)  an individual animal contains many types of B cells, each producing one kind of antibody. 
D)  each B cell produces many types of antibodies. 
E)  many clones of antiself lymphocytes appear in the bloodstream.

Question 5

Tiny lymph capillaries conduct lymph to larger ducts that eventually form two large "lymphatic" vessels known as the _______ and right lymphatic duct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tiny lymph capillaries conduct lymph to larger...

Question 6

Lymphocytes with CD4 or CD8 are both

Accepted Answer

A)  part of the innate immune response. 
B)  T-helper cells. 
C)  regulatory T cells. 
D)  capable of producing antibody. 
E)  part of the adaptive immune response. 
A)  part of the innate immune response. 
B)  T-helper cells. 
C)  regulatory T cells. 
D)  capable of producing antibody. 
E)  part of the adaptive immune response.

Question 7

Which statement about cytotoxic T (TC) cells is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They release cytokines that activate B cells. 
B)  They attack pathogens by binding to cell surface antigens on those pathogens. 
C)  They destroy pathogens by engulfing them. 
D)  They destroy host cells that are infected with a virus. 
E)  They stimulate the classical complement pathway. 
A)  They release cytokines that activate B cells. 
B)  They attack pathogens by binding to cell surface antigens on those pathogens. 
C)  They destroy pathogens by engulfing them. 
D)  They destroy host cells that are infected with a virus. 
E)  They stimulate the classical complement pathway.

Question 8

When the receptor of a T-helper cell binds to a pathogen presented on a macrophage, it

Accepted Answer

A)  inactivates itself. 
B)  secretes cytokines. 
C)  inactivates B cells. 
D)  inactivates the macrophage. 
E)  becomes a TC cell. 
A)  inactivates itself. 
B)  secretes cytokines. 
C)  inactivates B cells. 
D)  inactivates the macrophage. 
E)  becomes a TC cell.

Question 9

Which is found in blood but not in lymph?

Accepted Answer

A)  Macrophage 
B)  T lymphocyte 
C)  Basophil 
D)  Neutrophil 
E)  Red blood cell 
A)  Macrophage 
B)  T lymphocyte 
C)  Basophil 
D)  Neutrophil 
E)  Red blood cell

Question 10

Effector B cells, which are also known as _______ cells, secrete antibodies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Effector B cells, which are also known...

Question 11

With reference to immunoglobulins, a supergene is

Accepted Answer

A)  the particular gene encoding the variable and constant regions of the heavy chain. 
B)  an assemblage of genes encoding a single protein, each of which is selected from a cluster of similar genes. 
C)  the single gene in charge of all other genes encoding heavy and light chains. 
D)  the particular gene encoding the constant region of either the heavy or light chain. 
E)  an assemblage of genes, each of which is selected from a cluster of diverse genes. 
A)  the particular gene encoding the variable and constant regions of the heavy chain. 
B)  an assemblage of genes encoding a single protein, each of which is selected from a cluster of similar genes. 
C)  the single gene in charge of all other genes encoding heavy and light chains. 
D)  the particular gene encoding the constant region of either the heavy or light chain. 
E)  an assemblage of genes, each of which is selected from a cluster of diverse genes.

Question 12

When comparing the number of specific antibodies a person can potentially make to the number of different types of enzymes that individual has, the number of enzymes would likely be in the thousands and the number of antibodies would likely be in the _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When comparing the number of specific antibodies...

Question 13

Which event does not occur during formation of the heavy chain of an antibody?

Accepted Answer

A)  Assembly of supergenes by splicing of individual genes of the heavy chains is coordinated with that of light chains. 
B)  Before transcription, a variable region supergene is formed through DNA rearrangement in which one each of the variable genes (V), diversity genes (
D) , and joining genes (J) are joined together. 
C)  Following RNA splicing, mRNA is translated to produce a polypeptide chain. 
D)  After transcription, RNA splicing removes introns and joins the variable region to the constant region. 
E)  Mutations occur due to imprecise recombination of selected DNA regions. 
A)  Assembly of supergenes by splicing of individual genes of the heavy chains is coordinated with that of light chains. 
B)  Before transcription, a variable region supergene is formed through DNA rearrangement in which one each of the variable genes (V), diversity genes (
D) , and joining genes (J) are joined together. 
C)  Following RNA splicing, mRNA is translated to produce a polypeptide chain. 
D)  After transcription, RNA splicing removes introns and joins the variable region to the constant region. 
E)  Mutations occur due to imprecise recombination of selected DNA regions.

Question 14

Which feature is characteristic of the innate immune response?

Accepted Answer

A)  It responds rapidly to invaders that trigger toll-like receptors (TLR). 
B)  It distinctly recognizes different epitopes that may be found on a single antigen. 
C)  It is the last line of defense against a pathogen. 
D)  It reacts to self-antigens. 
E)  It recognizes a previously encountered antigen and responds more powerfully. 
A)  It responds rapidly to invaders that trigger toll-like receptors (TLR). 
B)  It distinctly recognizes different epitopes that may be found on a single antigen. 
C)  It is the last line of defense against a pathogen. 
D)  It reacts to self-antigens. 
E)  It recognizes a previously encountered antigen and responds more powerfully.

Question 15

If there were only two versions each for the V, D, and J variable region antibody genes, how many different unique VDJ combinations could be made?

Accepted Answer

A)  2 
B)  3 
C)  6 
D)  8 
E)  16 
A)  2 
B)  3 
C)  6 
D)  8 
E)  16

Question 16

Epitopes are

Accepted Answer

A)  molecules produced by mast cells. 
B)  produced by clonal selection. 
C)  specific sites on antigens that are recognized by the immune system. 
D)  responsible for immunological tolerance. 
E)  antibodies that were first discovered by Jenner. 
A)  molecules produced by mast cells. 
B)  produced by clonal selection. 
C)  specific sites on antigens that are recognized by the immune system. 
D)  responsible for immunological tolerance. 
E)  antibodies that were first discovered by Jenner.

Question 17

If a person with a cold sneezes, and small droplets carrying the cold virus enter your nose as you breathe in, which is the first defense that will help protect you against the virus?

Accepted Answer

A)  Antibodies attaching to the virus 
B)  Macrophages phagocytizing the virus 
C)  Lysozyme lysing the virus 
D)  Mucus trapping the virus 
E)  Cytotoxic T cells killing cells infected with the virus 
A)  Antibodies attaching to the virus 
B)  Macrophages phagocytizing the virus 
C)  Lysozyme lysing the virus 
D)  Mucus trapping the virus 
E)  Cytotoxic T cells killing cells infected with the virus

Question 18

Cells adhering to the skin and the linings of organs, known as _______ cells, release the chemical signal histamine when damaged.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cells adhering to the skin and the...

Question 19

An autoimmune disease is

Accepted Answer

A)  active when organ transplantation is successful. 
B)  always caused by viruses. 
C)  a response in which the immune cells attack the body's own tissues. 
D)  a result of the destruction of the immune system. 
E)  inflammation that is always targeted to a specific location in the body. 
A)  active when organ transplantation is successful. 
B)  always caused by viruses. 
C)  a response in which the immune cells attack the body's own tissues. 
D)  a result of the destruction of the immune system. 
E)  inflammation that is always targeted to a specific location in the body.

Question 20

To adequately test a vaccine for its effectiveness against HIV, one would need to determine if it

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulates production of antibodies against HIV, indicating a robust humoral immune response, only. 
B)  stimulates production of cytotoxic T cells against HIV, indicating a robust cellular immune response, only. 
C)  stimulates production of both antibodies against HIV and cytotoxic T cells against HIV-infected cells. 
D)  stimulates a robust innate immune response, producing macrophages that phagocytizes infected cells. 
E)  activates Toll-like receptors against pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) specific to HIV. 
A)  stimulates production of antibodies against HIV, indicating a robust humoral immune response, only. 
B)  stimulates production of cytotoxic T cells against HIV, indicating a robust cellular immune response, only. 
C)  stimulates production of both antibodies against HIV and cytotoxic T cells against HIV-infected cells. 
D)  stimulates a robust innate immune response, producing macrophages that phagocytizes infected cells. 
E)  activates Toll-like receptors against pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) specific to HIV.

Exam 41: Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Which is a key trait of the adaptive immunity response?

The mechanisms of joining and random deletion account for only a part of antibody diversity.Vast numbers of unique immunoglobulins are also produced by

Which statement is true?

According to the clonal selection theory,

Tiny lymph capillaries conduct lymph to larger ducts that eventually form two large "lymphatic" vessels known as the _______ and right lymphatic duct.

Lymphocytes with CD4 or CD8 are both

Which statement about cytotoxic T (TC) cells is true?

When the receptor of a T-helper cell binds to a pathogen presented on a macrophage, it

Which is found in blood but not in lymph?

Effector B cells, which are also known as _______ cells, secrete antibodies.

With reference to immunoglobulins, a supergene is

When comparing the number of specific antibodies a person can potentially make to the number of different types of enzymes that individual has, the number of enzymes would likely be in the thousands and the number of antibodies would likely be in the _______.

Which event does not occur during formation of the heavy chain of an antibody?

Which feature is characteristic of the innate immune response?

If there were only two versions each for the V, D, and J variable region antibody genes, how many different unique VDJ combinations could be made?

Epitopes are

If a person with a cold sneezes, and small droplets carrying the cold virus enter your nose as you breathe in, which is the first defense that will help protect you against the virus?

Cells adhering to the skin and the linings of organs, known as _______ cells, release the chemical signal histamine when damaged.

An autoimmune disease is

To adequately test a vaccine for its effectiveness against HIV, one would need to determine if it

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Which statement about cytotoxic T (T_C) cells is true?