Question 1

Which statement about the adaptive immune system is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  In mammals every nucleated cell contains thousands of antibody genes. 
B)  B cells have genomes identical to every other cell in the body. 
C)  The random pairing of heavy and light chains helps reduce antibody diversity. 
D)  Each mature B cell can produce several specific antibodies targeted to a several epitopes. 
E)  B cells can change the class of immunoglobulin that they synthesize. 
A)  In mammals every nucleated cell contains thousands of antibody genes. 
B)  B cells have genomes identical to every other cell in the body. 
C)  The random pairing of heavy and light chains helps reduce antibody diversity. 
D)  Each mature B cell can produce several specific antibodies targeted to a several epitopes. 
E)  B cells can change the class of immunoglobulin that they synthesize.

Question 2

Which statement about the toll-like receptors is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are found in vertebrates, but have yet to been found in invertebrates. 
B)  They are part of an innate defense response against pathogens. 
C)  They bind to antibodies. 
D)  Binding initiates a cytoplasmic response without a nuclear response. 
E)  The signal transduction pathway triggered by binding changes the shape of NF-κB, preventing it from entering the nucleus. 
A)  They are found in vertebrates, but have yet to been found in invertebrates. 
B)  They are part of an innate defense response against pathogens. 
C)  They bind to antibodies. 
D)  Binding initiates a cytoplasmic response without a nuclear response. 
E)  The signal transduction pathway triggered by binding changes the shape of NF-κB, preventing it from entering the nucleus.

Question 3

The American lobster is susceptible to a bacterial infection that eats holes in its shell.It is likely that an environmental factor, such as warmer ocean temperatures, is compromising the animal's immune response.Which immune defense is most likely to be the first that is compromised, allowing the pathogenic bacteria to get a foothold?

Accepted Answer

A)  Innate: pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) 
B)  Innate: phagocytes in the blood 
C)  Innate: physical barrier 
D)  Adaptive: B lymphocytes 
E)  Adaptive: T-helper cells 
A)  Innate: pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) 
B)  Innate: phagocytes in the blood 
C)  Innate: physical barrier 
D)  Adaptive: B lymphocytes 
E)  Adaptive: T-helper cells

Question 4

Which statement about memory cells is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cell division produces memory cells but not effector cells. 
B)  They live for shorter periods of time than effector cells. 
C)  They are responsible for the rapidity of secondary immune responses. 
D)  They are produced during clonal deletion. 
E)  They divide at a rapid rate when not responding to an immunological challenge. 
A)  Cell division produces memory cells but not effector cells. 
B)  They live for shorter periods of time than effector cells. 
C)  They are responsible for the rapidity of secondary immune responses. 
D)  They are produced during clonal deletion. 
E)  They divide at a rapid rate when not responding to an immunological challenge.

Question 5

The fact that B cells and T cells are both clonally selected means that

Accepted Answer

A)  each individual can form many different antibodies, but only one type of T cell receptor. 
B)  there are five different types of immunoglobulin. 
C)  each B cell or T cell produces only one kind of antibody. 
D)  B cell lymphocytes change their antibody specificity to match a newly discovered antigen, and then undergo mitosis to form a clone of plasma cells. 
E)  antibodies and T cell receptors are made before exposure to antigen. 
A)  each individual can form many different antibodies, but only one type of T cell receptor. 
B)  there are five different types of immunoglobulin. 
C)  each B cell or T cell produces only one kind of antibody. 
D)  B cell lymphocytes change their antibody specificity to match a newly discovered antigen, and then undergo mitosis to form a clone of plasma cells. 
E)  antibodies and T cell receptors are made before exposure to antigen.

Question 6

The _______ acid in gastric juice is lethal to many pathogens.

Accepted Answer

A)  sulfuric 
B)  carbolic 
C)  formic 
D)  hydrochloric 
E)  protease 
A)  sulfuric 
B)  carbolic 
C)  formic 
D)  hydrochloric 
E)  protease

Question 7

Compared to the secondary immune response of the adaptive immune system, the primary immune response is _______ powerful and lasts _______ amount of time.

Accepted Answer

A)  more; a longer 
B)  more; a shorter 
C)  more; the same 
D)  less; a shorter 
E)  less; a longer 
A)  more; a longer 
B)  more; a shorter 
C)  more; the same 
D)  less; a shorter 
E)  less; a longer

Question 8

If a new vaccine against HIV is developed, it will be important to test its effectiveness by determining if it stimulates both the production of antibodies in a humoral response against HIV and the proliferation of a clone of _______ that can destroy HIV-infected cells.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a new vaccine against HIV is...

Question 9

A child comes down with the chickenpox, caused by the varicella-zoster virus.Her mother takes care of the child, exposing herself to the virus, but does not come down with chickenpox herself.What is the most likely explanation for this?

Accepted Answer

A)  The disease is not very contagious. 
B)  The symptoms are less severe in adults, so the mother developed only a mild case that went unnoticed. 
C)  The mother harbored memory cells against the virus, having had chickenpox when she was young. 
D)  The mother carried antigens against the virus, having been vaccinated earlier. 
E)  The mother's immune system was strong enough to prevent her coming down with the disease. 
A)  The disease is not very contagious. 
B)  The symptoms are less severe in adults, so the mother developed only a mild case that went unnoticed. 
C)  The mother harbored memory cells against the virus, having had chickenpox when she was young. 
D)  The mother carried antigens against the virus, having been vaccinated earlier. 
E)  The mother's immune system was strong enough to prevent her coming down with the disease.

Question 10

Which statement about the humoral immune response is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  The activation phase occurs in the thyroid. 
B)  Cytokines stimulate proliferation of T-helper cells in the activation phase and B cells in the effector phase. 
C)  Plasma cells produced during the activation phase stimulate naïve B cells with the same specificity to produce antibodies in the effector phase. 
D)  B-cells are antigen-presenting cells in the activation phase, and macrophages are antigen-presenting cells in the effector phase. 
E)  B cells display antigenic fragments on Class I MHC proteins. 
A)  The activation phase occurs in the thyroid. 
B)  Cytokines stimulate proliferation of T-helper cells in the activation phase and B cells in the effector phase. 
C)  Plasma cells produced during the activation phase stimulate naïve B cells with the same specificity to produce antibodies in the effector phase. 
D)  B-cells are antigen-presenting cells in the activation phase, and macrophages are antigen-presenting cells in the effector phase. 
E)  B cells display antigenic fragments on Class I MHC proteins.

Question 11

Which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The enormous diversity of different lymphocyte receptors needed for adaptive immune defenses is generated after the body encounters antigens for these receptors. 
B)  A given lymphocyte responds to several antigens. 
C)  Nuclear DNA in a mature B cell is the same as the nuclear DNA in any other cell in the body. 
D)  Binding of an antibody to an antigen on a B cell stimulates the cell to divide, forming a clone of cells whose members all secrete different antibodies, specific for different antigens. 
E)  Binding of a cancer cell antigen to a T cell receptor can activate the T cell to divide and produce a clone of cells, whose members all have that particular receptor. 
A)  The enormous diversity of different lymphocyte receptors needed for adaptive immune defenses is generated after the body encounters antigens for these receptors. 
B)  A given lymphocyte responds to several antigens. 
C)  Nuclear DNA in a mature B cell is the same as the nuclear DNA in any other cell in the body. 
D)  Binding of an antibody to an antigen on a B cell stimulates the cell to divide, forming a clone of cells whose members all secrete different antibodies, specific for different antigens. 
E)  Binding of a cancer cell antigen to a T cell receptor can activate the T cell to divide and produce a clone of cells, whose members all have that particular receptor.

Question 12

Which characterizes immediate hypersensitivity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Antigen-presenting cells pick up the antigen and initiate a T cell response. 
B)  Upon first exposure to the antigen, B cells make large amounts of IgA antibodies, which bind to basophils and mast cells. 
C)  Some cases can be treated using desensitization, whereby small amounts of allergen are injected to stimulate a response from cytotoxic T cells. 
D)  Upon subsequent exposures to the antigen, mast cells and basophils release large amounts of histamine. 
E)  It does not include food allergies. 
A)  Antigen-presenting cells pick up the antigen and initiate a T cell response. 
B)  Upon first exposure to the antigen, B cells make large amounts of IgA antibodies, which bind to basophils and mast cells. 
C)  Some cases can be treated using desensitization, whereby small amounts of allergen are injected to stimulate a response from cytotoxic T cells. 
D)  Upon subsequent exposures to the antigen, mast cells and basophils release large amounts of histamine. 
E)  It does not include food allergies.

Question 13

Typically slow to act and long lasting, the _______ (innate/adaptive) immune system is involved in specific responses.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Typically slow to act and long lasting,...

Question 14

The outer extracellular material surrounding eggs ovulated by female mammals is called the zona pellucida (ZP).Injecting fragments of the ZP into wildlife species has been explored as a means of birth control because future ovulations lead to an immune response preventing implantation.This technique relies on the species'_______ (innate/adaptive) immunity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The outer extracellular material surrounding eggs ovulated...

Question 15

A student studying abroad finds himself feeling ill.He recovers after about a week and does not experience the same symptoms again.He likely is benefiting from _______ (innate/adaptive) immunity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A student studying abroad finds himself feeling...

Question 16

Which blood components are generally restricted to the vessels and heart in a closed circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

A)  Platelets 
B)  White blood cells 
C)  Red blood cells 
D)  Neutrophils 
E)  Macrophages 
A)  Platelets 
B)  White blood cells 
C)  Red blood cells 
D)  Neutrophils 
E)  Macrophages

Question 17

If a person suffers from the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis, it is likely that the person's immune system is attacking self antigens because

Accepted Answer

A)  there was a failure in negative selection during early adulthood that allowed lymphocytes that recognize self antigens to survive. 
B)  there was a failure in clonal deletion during early differentiation of lymphocytes, allowing a clone of lymphocytes that recognize self antigens to survive. 
C)  a mutation in a lymphocyte prior to clonal deletion caused a clone of lymphocytes to recognize self antigens. 
D)  a population of memory cells against self antigens is being stimulated by Tregs. 
E)  a population of cytotoxic T cells against self antigens is being stimulated by Tregs. 
A)  there was a failure in negative selection during early adulthood that allowed lymphocytes that recognize self antigens to survive. 
B)  there was a failure in clonal deletion during early differentiation of lymphocytes, allowing a clone of lymphocytes that recognize self antigens to survive. 
C)  a mutation in a lymphocyte prior to clonal deletion caused a clone of lymphocytes to recognize self antigens. 
D)  a population of memory cells against self antigens is being stimulated by Tregs. 
E)  a population of cytotoxic T cells against self antigens is being stimulated by Tregs.

Question 18

Your elderly grandmother complains that she is always tired and that she recently has put on some weight; she also shows signs of depression.You suspect the autoimmune disease _______.

Accepted Answer

Hashimoto'

Question 19

Refer to the figure showing a receptor on a cell.   Which binds to the region of the receptor indicated by the letter "A"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Antigen only 
B)  MHC protein only 
C)  Antigen‒MHC complex 
D)  Allergen 
E)  Antibody 
A)  Antigen only 
B)  MHC protein only 
C)  Antigen‒MHC complex 
D)  Allergen 
E)  Antibody

Question 20

Which describes the course of an HIV infection?

Accepted Answer

A)  T-helper cells initially decrease but then gradually increase. 
B)  The set point is the point at which HIV concentrations are at their highest. 
C)  Without treatment, severe symptoms of AIDS are immediate. 
D)  Death results from opportunistic infections that take advantage of the poorly functioning immune system. 
E)  Because AIDS is caused by a viral infection, an effective vaccine was able to be developed and distributed as early as the 1990s. 
A)  T-helper cells initially decrease but then gradually increase. 
B)  The set point is the point at which HIV concentrations are at their highest. 
C)  Without treatment, severe symptoms of AIDS are immediate. 
D)  Death results from opportunistic infections that take advantage of the poorly functioning immune system. 
E)  Because AIDS is caused by a viral infection, an effective vaccine was able to be developed and distributed as early as the 1990s.

Exam 41: Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Which statement about the adaptive immune system is true?

Which statement about the toll-like receptors is true?

Which statement about memory cells is true?

The fact that B cells and T cells are both clonally selected means that

The _______ acid in gastric juice is lethal to many pathogens.

Compared to the secondary immune response of the adaptive immune system, the primary immune response is _______ powerful and lasts _______ amount of time.

If a new vaccine against HIV is developed, it will be important to test its effectiveness by determining if it stimulates both the production of antibodies in a humoral response against HIV and the proliferation of a clone of _______ that can destroy HIV-infected cells.

A child comes down with the chickenpox, caused by the varicella-zoster virus.Her mother takes care of the child, exposing herself to the virus, but does not come down with chickenpox herself.What is the most likely explanation for this?

Which statement about the humoral immune response is correct?

Which statement is true?

Which characterizes immediate hypersensitivity?

Typically slow to act and long lasting, the _______ (innate/adaptive) immune system is involved in specific responses.

A student studying abroad finds himself feeling ill.He recovers after about a week and does not experience the same symptoms again.He likely is benefiting from _______ (innate/adaptive) immunity.

Which blood components are generally restricted to the vessels and heart in a closed circulatory system?

If a person suffers from the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis, it is likely that the person's immune system is attacking self antigens because

Your elderly grandmother complains that she is always tired and that she recently has put on some weight; she also shows signs of depression.You suspect the autoimmune disease _______.

Refer to the figure showing a receptor on a cell. Which binds to the region of the receptor indicated by the letter "A"?

Which describes the course of an HIV infection?

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

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A Changing Biosphere

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Compared to the secondary immune response of the adaptive immune system, the primary immune response is _ powerful and lasts _ amount of time.