Question 1

The _______ toxin causes uncontrolled muscle contraction.

Accepted Answer

tetanus

Question 2

Synapses between neurons can be excitatory or inhibitory.How the postsynaptic neurons will respond to signals is determined by

Accepted Answer

A)  membrane potential. 
B)  ion channels. 
C)  dendrite potentials. 
D)  summation. 
E)  neurotransmitters. 
A)  membrane potential. 
B)  ion channels. 
C)  dendrite potentials. 
D)  summation. 
E)  neurotransmitters. D

Question 3

Refer to the graph showing the tracing of membrane potential change during the course of an action potential.   Which of the following is the correct sequence of events and conditions indicated by the labels "a," "b," "c," and "d"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Depolarization, resting potential, repolarization, undershoot 
B)  Resting potential, depolarization, undershoot, repolarization 
C)  Undershoot, depolarization, repolarization, resting potential 
D)  Resting potential, depolarization, repolarization, undershoot 
E)  Repolarization, depolarization, undershoot, resting potential 
A)  Depolarization, resting potential, repolarization, undershoot 
B)  Resting potential, depolarization, undershoot, repolarization 
C)  Undershoot, depolarization, repolarization, resting potential 
D)  Resting potential, depolarization, repolarization, undershoot 
E)  Repolarization, depolarization, undershoot, resting potential D

Question 4

Which of the following is not necessary for the formation of a neural network?

Accepted Answer

A)  Neurons carrying sensory information into the nervous system 
B)  Neurons carrying commands to effector structures such as muscles and glands 
C)  Neurons integrating information between incoming sensory neurons and outgoing efferent neurons 
D)  A brain that coordinates information between afferent and efferent neurons 
E)  Synapses between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons 
A)  Neurons carrying sensory information into the nervous system 
B)  Neurons carrying commands to effector structures such as muscles and glands 
C)  Neurons integrating information between incoming sensory neurons and outgoing efferent neurons 
D)  A brain that coordinates information between afferent and efferent neurons 
E)  Synapses between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

Question 5

Microglia play an essential role in the brain and spinal cord by

Accepted Answer

A)  allowing antibodies to cross the blood-brain barrier. 
B)  providing structure to neurons. 
C)  providing immune defense within the nervous system. 
D)  releasing neurotransmitter onto neurons. 
E)  insulating tiny axons. 
A)  allowing antibodies to cross the blood-brain barrier. 
B)  providing structure to neurons. 
C)  providing immune defense within the nervous system. 
D)  releasing neurotransmitter onto neurons. 
E)  insulating tiny axons.

Question 6

Which statement about the resting potential of a neuronal cell membrane is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The inside is about 60 mV more positive than the outside. 
B)  The outside is about 60 mV more positive than the inside. 
C)  The inside is about 30 mV more positive than the outside. 
D)  The outside is about 30 mV more positive than the inside. 
E)  The inside has about the same charge as the outside. 
A)  The inside is about 60 mV more positive than the outside. 
B)  The outside is about 60 mV more positive than the inside. 
C)  The inside is about 30 mV more positive than the outside. 
D)  The outside is about 30 mV more positive than the inside. 
E)  The inside has about the same charge as the outside.

Question 7

The electrochemical gradient of a given ion determines the movement of that ion across a cell membrane.Based on your knowledge of the normal intra- and extracellular concentrations of Na+ and K+ ions across a resting membrane, what would you expect to happen when both Na+ and K+ voltage-gated channels were opened in response to an action potential?

Accepted Answer

A)  Na+ and K+ would both move out of the cell. 
B)  Na+ would move into the cell, whereas K+ would move out of the cell. 
C)  Na+ would move out of the cell, whereas K+ would move into the cell. 
D)  Na+ and K+ would both move into the cell. 
E)  Na+ would move out of the cell but K+ flow would cease. 
A)  Na+ and K+ would both move out of the cell. 
B)  Na+ would move into the cell, whereas K+ would move out of the cell. 
C)  Na+ would move out of the cell, whereas K+ would move into the cell. 
D)  Na+ and K+ would both move into the cell. 
E)  Na+ would move out of the cell but K+ flow would cease.

Question 8

The technique by which neurobiologists can monitor in real time the openings and closings of single ion channels is called _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The technique by which neurobiologists can monitor...

Question 9

The three functional categories of neurons that make up neural networks are _______ neurons, efferent neurons, and interneurons.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The three functional categories of neurons that...

Question 10

The vertebrate neuromuscular junction is a chemical synapse that uses _______ as a neurotransmitter.

Accepted Answer

A)  acetylcholine 
B)  Na+ 
C)  K+ 
D)  Ca2+ 
E)  acetylcholinesterase 
A)  acetylcholine 
B)  Na+ 
C)  K+ 
D)  Ca2+ 
E)  acetylcholinesterase

Question 11

Patch clamping

Accepted Answer

A)  fixes a break in a cell membrane. 
B)  records the activity of Na+-K+ pumps. 
C)  can record ion movements through a single channel. 
D)  records ion movements through an entire nerve. 
E)  records an action potential through a single channel. 
A)  fixes a break in a cell membrane. 
B)  records the activity of Na+-K+ pumps. 
C)  can record ion movements through a single channel. 
D)  records ion movements through an entire nerve. 
E)  records an action potential through a single channel.

Question 12

The part of the squid giant axon used by Hodgkin and Huxley to sample ion concentrations was the

Accepted Answer

A)  cytoplasm. 
B)  nucleus. 
C)  dendrite. 
D)  cell body. 
E)  ion channel. 
A)  cytoplasm. 
B)  nucleus. 
C)  dendrite. 
D)  cell body. 
E)  ion channel.

Question 13

The concept of a tripartite synapse is the idea that a synapse consists not only of pre- and postsynaptic neurons but also of connections from _______.This concept takes into account the _______ at the synapse.

Accepted Answer

A)  dendrites; collection of information from neurotransmitters 
B)  axon terminals; release of neurotransmitters 
C)  astrocytes; contact of astrocytes with neuronal elements 
D)  microglia; macrophage activity 
E)  oligodendrocytes; myelination 
A)  dendrites; collection of information from neurotransmitters 
B)  axon terminals; release of neurotransmitters 
C)  astrocytes; contact of astrocytes with neuronal elements 
D)  microglia; macrophage activity 
E)  oligodendrocytes; myelination

Question 14

Which presynaptic activity would be the most effective in producing the greatest increase in firing rate of a postsynaptic neuron?

Accepted Answer

A)  Activity that hyperpolarizes some dendrites and depolarizes others 
B)  Activity that always opens Cl- channels 
C)  Excitatory activity that is repeated frequently and occurs at many locations in the dendrites of the postsynaptic cell 
D)  Activity that lowers the resting membrane potential 
E)  Activity that increases neurotransmitter synthesis 
A)  Activity that hyperpolarizes some dendrites and depolarizes others 
B)  Activity that always opens Cl- channels 
C)  Excitatory activity that is repeated frequently and occurs at many locations in the dendrites of the postsynaptic cell 
D)  Activity that lowers the resting membrane potential 
E)  Activity that increases neurotransmitter synthesis

Question 15

After examining a patient with a neurological disorder that interferes with walking, a neurologist determines that a Mycoplasma bacterium is causing the destruction of the myelin sheath around the axons in the patient's peripheral nerves.What specific cell type is affected in this patient?

Accepted Answer

A)  Oligodendrocytes 
B)  Astrocytes 
C)  Neurons of the peripheral nervous system 
D)  Schwann cells 
E)  Microglia 
A)  Oligodendrocytes 
B)  Astrocytes 
C)  Neurons of the peripheral nervous system 
D)  Schwann cells 
E)  Microglia

Question 16

Two scientists calculated the membrane potential of a neuron using two different equations, the Nernst equation and the Goldman equation.Their calculations gave them slightly different predictions.What is the most likely reason for this difference?

Accepted Answer

A)  The numbers of ions considered in the calculations were different. 
B)  The scientists measured different numbers of cells. 
C)  The lipid compositions of the cell membranes that the scientists studied were different. 
D)  The temperatures of the fluid surrounding the cell membranes were different. 
E)  The scientists placed their measuring electrodes in slightly different positions. 
A)  The numbers of ions considered in the calculations were different. 
B)  The scientists measured different numbers of cells. 
C)  The lipid compositions of the cell membranes that the scientists studied were different. 
D)  The temperatures of the fluid surrounding the cell membranes were different. 
E)  The scientists placed their measuring electrodes in slightly different positions.

Question 17

Refer to the figure showing the knee-jerk reflex.   What is happening at point 1?

Accepted Answer

A)  The motor neuron is bringing sensory information to the dorsal root in the spinal cord. 
B)  Inhibition from the afferent neuron is being transmitted to the interneuron and efferent neuron. 
C)  The efferent neuron is firing action potentials that are transmitted to the afferent neuron. 
D)  Action potentials fired by the stretch receptors are being transmitted to neurons in the spinal cord. 
E)  The sensory neuron is transmitting to the spinal cord information that will be transmitted to the motor neurons in the brain. 
A)  The motor neuron is bringing sensory information to the dorsal root in the spinal cord. 
B)  Inhibition from the afferent neuron is being transmitted to the interneuron and efferent neuron. 
C)  The efferent neuron is firing action potentials that are transmitted to the afferent neuron. 
D)  Action potentials fired by the stretch receptors are being transmitted to neurons in the spinal cord. 
E)  The sensory neuron is transmitting to the spinal cord information that will be transmitted to the motor neurons in the brain.

Question 18

Diseases that cause damage to oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells often cause motor impairment due to the loss of _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Diseases that cause damage to oligodendrocytes and...

Question 19

Ion channels may be open continuously, or they may only open or close in response to certain stimuli.The ones that require specific stimuli are known as _______ channels.

Accepted Answer

A)  leak 
B)  potassium 
C)  gated 
D)  patch 
E)  potential 
A)  leak 
B)  potassium 
C)  gated 
D)  patch 
E)  potential

Question 20

The membrane potential is generally maintained by the

Accepted Answer

A)  negative ion pump. 
B)  action potential. 
C)  resting potential. 
D)  voltage-gated channels. 
E)  electrochemical gradient of ions across the cell membrane. 
A)  negative ion pump. 
B)  action potential. 
C)  resting potential. 
D)  voltage-gated channels. 
E)  electrochemical gradient of ions across the cell membrane.

Exam 44: Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

The _______ toxin causes uncontrolled muscle contraction.

Synapses between neurons can be excitatory or inhibitory.How the postsynaptic neurons will respond to signals is determined by

Refer to the graph showing the tracing of membrane potential change during the course of an action potential. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events and conditions indicated by the labels "a," "b," "c," and "d"?

Which of the following is not necessary for the formation of a neural network?

Microglia play an essential role in the brain and spinal cord by

Which statement about the resting potential of a neuronal cell membrane is true?

The technique by which neurobiologists can monitor in real time the openings and closings of single ion channels is called _______.

The three functional categories of neurons that make up neural networks are _______ neurons, efferent neurons, and interneurons.

The vertebrate neuromuscular junction is a chemical synapse that uses _______ as a neurotransmitter.

Patch clamping

The part of the squid giant axon used by Hodgkin and Huxley to sample ion concentrations was the

The concept of a tripartite synapse is the idea that a synapse consists not only of pre- and postsynaptic neurons but also of connections from _______.This concept takes into account the _______ at the synapse.

Which presynaptic activity would be the most effective in producing the greatest increase in firing rate of a postsynaptic neuron?

After examining a patient with a neurological disorder that interferes with walking, a neurologist determines that a Mycoplasma bacterium is causing the destruction of the myelin sheath around the axons in the patient's peripheral nerves.What specific cell type is affected in this patient?

Two scientists calculated the membrane potential of a neuron using two different equations, the Nernst equation and the Goldman equation.Their calculations gave them slightly different predictions.What is the most likely reason for this difference?

Refer to the figure showing the knee-jerk reflex. What is happening at point 1?

Diseases that cause damage to oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells often cause motor impairment due to the loss of _______.

Ion channels may be open continuously, or they may only open or close in response to certain stimuli.The ones that require specific stimuli are known as _______ channels.

The membrane potential is generally maintained by the

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The concept of a tripartite synapse is the idea that a synapse consists not only of pre- and postsynaptic neurons but also of connections from _.This concept takes into account the _ at the synapse.