Question 1

Which statement about steroid hormones is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They pass easily through the hydrophilic region of a cell membrane but not the hydrophobic region. 
B)  They are transported in blood without carrier molecules. 
C)  They are water-soluble. 
D)  Their receptors are typically inside cells. 
E)  They are synthesized from amino acids. 
A)  They pass easily through the hydrophilic region of a cell membrane but not the hydrophobic region. 
B)  They are transported in blood without carrier molecules. 
C)  They are water-soluble. 
D)  Their receptors are typically inside cells. 
E)  They are synthesized from amino acids. D

Question 2

Choose the correct sequence of components leading up to and following hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary.

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypothalamus, tropic hormone, anterior pituitary, releasing hormone, another endocrine gland, change in physiological environment 
B)  Change in physiological environment, hypothalamus, releasing hormone, anterior pituitary, tropic hormone, another endocrine gland 
C)  Change in physiological environment, anterior pituitary, releasing hormone, hypothalamus, tropic hormone, another endocrine gland 
D)  Change in physiological environment, hypothalamus, tropic hormone, anterior pituitary, releasing hormone, another endocrine gland 
E)  Anterior pituitary, releasing hormone, hypothalamus, change in physiological environment, tropic hormone, another endocrine gland 
A)  Hypothalamus, tropic hormone, anterior pituitary, releasing hormone, another endocrine gland, change in physiological environment 
B)  Change in physiological environment, hypothalamus, releasing hormone, anterior pituitary, tropic hormone, another endocrine gland 
C)  Change in physiological environment, anterior pituitary, releasing hormone, hypothalamus, tropic hormone, another endocrine gland 
D)  Change in physiological environment, hypothalamus, tropic hormone, anterior pituitary, releasing hormone, another endocrine gland 
E)  Anterior pituitary, releasing hormone, hypothalamus, change in physiological environment, tropic hormone, another endocrine gland B

Question 3

The _______ is an important endocrine gland derived embryonically from an outpocketing of the roof of the mouth and an outpocketing of the floor of the brain.

Accepted Answer

pituitary gland

Question 4

Refer to the figure showing chemical signaling systems.   If the cell labeled 1 is secreting somatostatin, then the cell labeled 2 could be a(n) _______, and the cell labeled 3 could be a(n) _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  capillary cell in the pancreas; alpha cell 
B)  alpha cell in the pancreas; beta cell 
C)  cell in the anterior pituitary; cell in the posterior pituitary 
D)  liver cell; kidney cell 
E)  bone cell; epithelial cell in the digestive tract 
A)  capillary cell in the pancreas; alpha cell 
B)  alpha cell in the pancreas; beta cell 
C)  cell in the anterior pituitary; cell in the posterior pituitary 
D)  liver cell; kidney cell 
E)  bone cell; epithelial cell in the digestive tract

Question 5

Malfunctioning of the thyroid gland in the human adult can result in

Accepted Answer

A)  cretinism. 
B)  diabetes. 
C)  dwarfism. 
D)  goiter. 
E)  hermaphroditism. 
A)  cretinism. 
B)  diabetes. 
C)  dwarfism. 
D)  goiter. 
E)  hermaphroditism.

Question 6

Refer to the figure featuring the anterior pituitary.   Which hormone is paired correctly with the site of its synthesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH): 1 
B)  Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): 3 
C)  Growth hormone (GH): 1 
D)  Somatostatin: 3 
E)  Thyrotropin (TSH): 3 
A)  Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH): 1 
B)  Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): 3 
C)  Growth hormone (GH): 1 
D)  Somatostatin: 3 
E)  Thyrotropin (TSH): 3

Question 7

A researcher analyzing the likelihood that a cell will be responsive to a lipid-soluble hormone should search for the presence of

Accepted Answer

A)  a specific cell surface receptor. 
B)  a specific receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus. 
C)  cAMP. 
D)  G proteins. 
E)  a specific DNA sequence to which the hormone binds. 
A)  a specific cell surface receptor. 
B)  a specific receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus. 
C)  cAMP. 
D)  G proteins. 
E)  a specific DNA sequence to which the hormone binds.

Question 8

It was difficult for the research teams led by Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally to discover thyrotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone because

Accepted Answer

A)  they had no access to a supplier of hypothalamic tissue. 
B)  the amount produced in a single individual is miniscule. 
C)  they were unable to characterize the hormones once isolated. 
D)  they were the first to hypothesize that such hormones existed. 
E)  there was no assay for testing the substance they had isolated. 
A)  they had no access to a supplier of hypothalamic tissue. 
B)  the amount produced in a single individual is miniscule. 
C)  they were unable to characterize the hormones once isolated. 
D)  they were the first to hypothesize that such hormones existed. 
E)  there was no assay for testing the substance they had isolated.

Question 9

Which hormone stimulates the liver to release glucose?

Accepted Answer

A)  Insulin 
B)  Glucagon 
C)  Norepinephrine 
D)  Somatostatin 
E)  Cortisol 
A)  Insulin 
B)  Glucagon 
C)  Norepinephrine 
D)  Somatostatin 
E)  Cortisol

Question 10

Which statement about cortisol and stress is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Aging rats show increased ability to turn off stress responses and retain the ability to turn on stress responses. 
B)  The hypothalamus loses cortisol-sensitive cells in response to prolonged medical use of cortisol, causing decreased ability to turn off stress responses. 
C)  Cortisol production decreases dramatically in rats as they age. 
D)  Stress responses are turned back on by the negative feedback action of cortisol on the hypothalamus. 
E)  The hypothalamus increases cortisol-sensitive cells in response to repeated stress, causing increased ability to turn off stress responses. 
A)  Aging rats show increased ability to turn off stress responses and retain the ability to turn on stress responses. 
B)  The hypothalamus loses cortisol-sensitive cells in response to prolonged medical use of cortisol, causing decreased ability to turn off stress responses. 
C)  Cortisol production decreases dramatically in rats as they age. 
D)  Stress responses are turned back on by the negative feedback action of cortisol on the hypothalamus. 
E)  The hypothalamus increases cortisol-sensitive cells in response to repeated stress, causing increased ability to turn off stress responses.

Question 11

Hormones released by the posterior pituitary are produced in the

Accepted Answer

A)  anterior pituitary. 
B)  thyroid. 
C)  pineal gland. 
D)  thymus. 
E)  hypothalamus. 
A)  anterior pituitary. 
B)  thyroid. 
C)  pineal gland. 
D)  thymus. 
E)  hypothalamus.

Question 12

Refer to the figure featuring the posterior pituitary.   Which statement concerning the hormones represented by the dots leaving in the bloodstream at point 2 is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  One of the hormones is found in both birds and mammals. 
B)  One of the hormones stimulates uterine contractions. 
C)  One of the hormones stimulates the flow of milk. 
D)  One of the hormones is involved in water conservation by the kidney. 
E)  Each of the hormones exerts control over other endocrine glands. 
A)  One of the hormones is found in both birds and mammals. 
B)  One of the hormones stimulates uterine contractions. 
C)  One of the hormones stimulates the flow of milk. 
D)  One of the hormones is involved in water conservation by the kidney. 
E)  Each of the hormones exerts control over other endocrine glands.

Question 13

You have been studying hard for your MCATs without a break, knowing that your entrance into medical school could depend upon your scores.After weeks of this, you notice you cannot shake a cold that should have cleared up in a few days.What other symptom(s) might you develop during this time of stress, and why?

Accepted Answer

A)  Low blood sugar because of increased epinephrine 
B)  High blood pressure because of increased cortisol levels 
C)  Decreased stamina because of decreased somatostatin 
D)  Low blood calcium and muscle cramps because of decreased calcitonin 
E)  Darkening of the skin due to increased levels of melanocyte-stimulating hormone 
A)  Low blood sugar because of increased epinephrine 
B)  High blood pressure because of increased cortisol levels 
C)  Decreased stamina because of decreased somatostatin 
D)  Low blood calcium and muscle cramps because of decreased calcitonin 
E)  Darkening of the skin due to increased levels of melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Question 14

Which feature does not characterize oxytocin?

Accepted Answer

A)  Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth 
B)  Promotes pair bonding 
C)  Is released by the anterior pituitary 
D)  Stimulates flow of milk from breasts 
E)  Is classified as a neurohormone 
A)  Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth 
B)  Promotes pair bonding 
C)  Is released by the anterior pituitary 
D)  Stimulates flow of milk from breasts 
E)  Is classified as a neurohormone

Question 15

A castaway on a deserted island puts a message in a bottle and throws it into the ocean, hoping it will wash up on some inhabited shore and bring help.In endocrine signaling, the message is analogous to a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  nerve cell. 
B)  artery. 
C)  carrier protein. 
D)  hormone. 
E)  receptor. 
A)  nerve cell. 
B)  artery. 
C)  carrier protein. 
D)  hormone. 
E)  receptor.

Question 16

You are investigating the evolutionary history of the hormone irisin that was recently discovered in mice.Released by skeletal muscle cells during exercise, it triggers the "browning" of white fat.Based on scientific thinking about the evolutionary history of hormones, it would be reasonable to hypothesize that

Accepted Answer

A)  the hormone is specific to the species of mouse in which it was found. 
B)  other mammalian species might also produce the hormone, but non-mammalian species are unlikely to produce irisin. 
C)  the hormone might be produced in other organisms, but only in organisms that have skeletal muscles. 
D)  irisin might be produced in many different groups of organisms, even organisms such as sponges that lack skeletal muscle cells. 
E)  the hormone is likely to be produced in unicellular organisms, such as bacteria. 
A)  the hormone is specific to the species of mouse in which it was found. 
B)  other mammalian species might also produce the hormone, but non-mammalian species are unlikely to produce irisin. 
C)  the hormone might be produced in other organisms, but only in organisms that have skeletal muscles. 
D)  irisin might be produced in many different groups of organisms, even organisms such as sponges that lack skeletal muscle cells. 
E)  the hormone is likely to be produced in unicellular organisms, such as bacteria.

Question 17

Refer to the figure showing the adrenal gland.   Which structure directly responds to adrenocorticotropic hormone, and what is the response?

Accepted Answer

A)  Structure 1, and it responds by synthesizing cortisol. 
B)  Structure 1, and it responds by secreting corticotropin-releasing hormone. 
C)  Structure 2, and it responds by secreting cortisol. 
D)  Structure 2, and it responds by synthesizing corticotropin-releasing hormone. 
E)  Structure 3, and it responds by secreting aldosterone. 
A)  Structure 1, and it responds by synthesizing cortisol. 
B)  Structure 1, and it responds by secreting corticotropin-releasing hormone. 
C)  Structure 2, and it responds by secreting cortisol. 
D)  Structure 2, and it responds by synthesizing corticotropin-releasing hormone. 
E)  Structure 3, and it responds by secreting aldosterone.

Question 18

If a mutation causes a malformation of the neural ectoderm that forms the brain, it is most likely that this will also affect development of the

Accepted Answer

A)  thyroid gland. 
B)  adrenal cortex. 
C)  posterior pituitary gland. 
D)  gonads. 
E)  parathyroid glands. 
A)  thyroid gland. 
B)  adrenal cortex. 
C)  posterior pituitary gland. 
D)  gonads. 
E)  parathyroid glands.

Question 19

What characterizes the posterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

A)  It contains axons from hypothalamic neurons. 
B)  It originates from the roof of the embryonic mouth. 
C)  It releases gonadotropins produced in the hypothalamus. 
D)  It is influenced by hypothalamic hormones that are delivered through portal vessels. 
E)  It is larger than the anterior pituitary. 
A)  It contains axons from hypothalamic neurons. 
B)  It originates from the roof of the embryonic mouth. 
C)  It releases gonadotropins produced in the hypothalamus. 
D)  It is influenced by hypothalamic hormones that are delivered through portal vessels. 
E)  It is larger than the anterior pituitary.

Question 20

Dietary caffeine increases the loss of calcium through one's urine but is unlikely to cause a dangerous drop in blood calcium levels.The reason for this is that, in response to a drop in blood calcium,

Accepted Answer

A)  calcitriol is synthesized, which activates osteoclasts to break down bone. 
B)  corticotropin-releasing hormone causes cortisol to be secreted, which triggers the kidneys to retrieve calcium from the urine. 
C)  the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids, which cause minerals such as calcium to be resorbed from bone. 
D)  aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to conserve calcium and excrete potassium. 
E)  parathyroid hormone is secreted, which causes resorption of calcium from bone and retention of calcium by the kidneys. 
A)  calcitriol is synthesized, which activates osteoclasts to break down bone. 
B)  corticotropin-releasing hormone causes cortisol to be secreted, which triggers the kidneys to retrieve calcium from the urine. 
C)  the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids, which cause minerals such as calcium to be resorbed from bone. 
D)  aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to conserve calcium and excrete potassium. 
E)  parathyroid hormone is secreted, which causes resorption of calcium from bone and retention of calcium by the kidneys.

Exam 40: Animal Hormones

Which statement about steroid hormones is true?

Choose the correct sequence of components leading up to and following hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary.

The _______ is an important endocrine gland derived embryonically from an outpocketing of the roof of the mouth and an outpocketing of the floor of the brain.

Refer to the figure showing chemical signaling systems. If the cell labeled 1 is secreting somatostatin, then the cell labeled 2 could be a(n) _______, and the cell labeled 3 could be a(n) _______.

Malfunctioning of the thyroid gland in the human adult can result in

Refer to the figure featuring the anterior pituitary. Which hormone is paired correctly with the site of its synthesis?

A researcher analyzing the likelihood that a cell will be responsive to a lipid-soluble hormone should search for the presence of

It was difficult for the research teams led by Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally to discover thyrotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone because

Which hormone stimulates the liver to release glucose?

Which statement about cortisol and stress is true?

Hormones released by the posterior pituitary are produced in the

Refer to the figure featuring the posterior pituitary. Which statement concerning the hormones represented by the dots leaving in the bloodstream at point 2 is false?

Which feature does not characterize oxytocin?

A castaway on a deserted island puts a message in a bottle and throws it into the ocean, hoping it will wash up on some inhabited shore and bring help.In endocrine signaling, the message is analogous to a(n)

Refer to the figure showing the adrenal gland. Which structure directly responds to adrenocorticotropic hormone, and what is the response?

If a mutation causes a malformation of the neural ectoderm that forms the brain, it is most likely that this will also affect development of the

What characterizes the posterior pituitary?

Dietary caffeine increases the loss of calcium through one's urine but is unlikely to cause a dangerous drop in blood calcium levels.The reason for this is that, in response to a drop in blood calcium,

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

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The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

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Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

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The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

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Refer to the figure showing chemical signaling systems. If the cell labeled 1 is secreting somatostatin, then the cell labeled 2 could be a(n) _, and the cell labeled 3 could be a(n) _.