Question 1

Harmful organisms and viruses that can cause disease are collectively known as _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Harmful organisms and viruses that can cause...

Question 2

Which statement about antibodies is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  An antigen always contains one, and only one, epitope. 
B)  Most antigens have a single antigenic determinant recognized by different antibodies made by different clones of B cells. 
C)  A monoclonal antibody is specific for several different epitopes. 
D)  The specificity of antibodies prevents them from being useful in scientific experiments. 
E)  Monoclonal antibodies can be produced artificially and used for diagnostic purposes. 
A)  An antigen always contains one, and only one, epitope. 
B)  Most antigens have a single antigenic determinant recognized by different antibodies made by different clones of B cells. 
C)  A monoclonal antibody is specific for several different epitopes. 
D)  The specificity of antibodies prevents them from being useful in scientific experiments. 
E)  Monoclonal antibodies can be produced artificially and used for diagnostic purposes.

Question 3

Refer to the figure.   This plasma cell has a large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum.This is necessary in order for the cell to _______.

Accepted Answer

make large

Question 4

A researcher is investigating which time of year birds are exposed to the West Nile Virus (WNV), so she places a cage full of lab-reared (and therefore unexposed) birds near a marsh full of mosquitoes suspected of carrying WNV.Her lab technician tests the birds' blood for anti-WNV antibodies three times per year.Eventually they find a large amount of IgG but almost no IgM.Which is the best conclusion the researcher can reach from these data?

Accepted Answer

A)  WNV does not stimulate IgM production. 
B)  Birds are not susceptible to WNV. 
C)  Birds are incapable of producing IgM. 
D)  She needs to sample more frequently because she missed the period of IgM production. 
E)  Her media are contaminated. 
A)  WNV does not stimulate IgM production. 
B)  Birds are not susceptible to WNV. 
C)  Birds are incapable of producing IgM. 
D)  She needs to sample more frequently because she missed the period of IgM production. 
E)  Her media are contaminated.

Question 5

If an individual has inappropriately low levels of activity of Tregs, it is likely that the individual will develop a(n) _______ disease.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If an individual has inappropriately low levels...

Question 6

Which defense mechanism would a pathogen on your skin encounter?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins 
B)  Complement proteins 
C)  Defensins 
D)  Mucus 
E)  Dry environment 
A)  Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins 
B)  Complement proteins 
C)  Defensins 
D)  Mucus 
E)  Dry environment

Question 7

According to the clonal selection theory,

Accepted Answer

A)  an antibody changes its shape to match the antigen it meets. 
B)  an individual vertebrate contains only one type of B cell. 
C)  an individual vertebrate contains many types of B cells, each producing one kind of antibody. 
D)  each B cell produces many types of antibodies. 
E)  many clones of nonself lymphocytes appear in the bloodstream. 
A)  an antibody changes its shape to match the antigen it meets. 
B)  an individual vertebrate contains only one type of B cell. 
C)  an individual vertebrate contains many types of B cells, each producing one kind of antibody. 
D)  each B cell produces many types of antibodies. 
E)  many clones of nonself lymphocytes appear in the bloodstream.

Question 8

Which characterizes fever?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is controlled by cytokines signaling the spinal cord. 
B)  It decreases lymphocyte production. 
C)  It is produced in response to histamine released by phagocytes. 
D)  It decreases phagocytosis. 
E)  It can inhibit growth of pathogens. 
A)  It is controlled by cytokines signaling the spinal cord. 
B)  It decreases lymphocyte production. 
C)  It is produced in response to histamine released by phagocytes. 
D)  It decreases phagocytosis. 
E)  It can inhibit growth of pathogens.

Question 9

The process by which immature B or T cells with the potential to respond strongly to self antigens undergo apoptosis is called

Accepted Answer

A)  the primary immune response. 
B)  the secondary immune response. 
C)  immunological memory. 
D)  clonal selection. 
E)  clonal deletion. 
A)  the primary immune response. 
B)  the secondary immune response. 
C)  immunological memory. 
D)  clonal selection. 
E)  clonal deletion.

Question 10

Interferons

Accepted Answer

A)  are released by healthy cells. 
B)  are released by virus-infected cells. 
C)  target cancerous cells. 
D)  are released by antigen-presenting cells. 
E)  target mast cells. 
A)  are released by healthy cells. 
B)  are released by virus-infected cells. 
C)  target cancerous cells. 
D)  are released by antigen-presenting cells. 
E)  target mast cells.

Question 11

Which statement about immunoglobulins is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Immunoglobulin chains have domains, each of which is encoded by one of a number of possible genes selected from a set of similar genes. 
B)  Each mature B cell makes several different antibodies that target different antigens. 
C)  The heavy chains of mouse immunoglobulins have two domains, one in the variable region and one in the constant region. 
D)  A single gene encodes each immunoglobulin. 
E)  The supergene that codes for the heavy chain of an immunoglobulin molecule is the same in most B cells. 
A)  Immunoglobulin chains have domains, each of which is encoded by one of a number of possible genes selected from a set of similar genes. 
B)  Each mature B cell makes several different antibodies that target different antigens. 
C)  The heavy chains of mouse immunoglobulins have two domains, one in the variable region and one in the constant region. 
D)  A single gene encodes each immunoglobulin. 
E)  The supergene that codes for the heavy chain of an immunoglobulin molecule is the same in most B cells.

Question 12

Also known as antigenic determinants, _______ are specific sites on the antigen that are recognized by the immune system.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Also known as antigenic determinants, _______ are...

Question 13

Immature T cells migrate from the bone marrow to the _______, where they complete maturation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Immature T cells migrate from the bone...

Question 14

Which characterizes T cell receptors?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are immunoglobulins. 
B)  They consist of four polypeptide chains. 
C)  There is a variable region and a constant region on each polypeptide chain. 
D)  Specific binding to antigens occurs at constant regions. 
E)  The hydrophilic region anchors the polypeptide chains in the plasma membrane. 
A)  They are immunoglobulins. 
B)  They consist of four polypeptide chains. 
C)  There is a variable region and a constant region on each polypeptide chain. 
D)  Specific binding to antigens occurs at constant regions. 
E)  The hydrophilic region anchors the polypeptide chains in the plasma membrane.

Question 15

Which statement about antibodies in the class IgE is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are secreted by mast cells in skin. 
B)  They differ extensively in amino acid sequences of constant regions. 
C)  They are found primarily in saliva and tears. 
D)  They have the same general structure as antibodies in class IgA. 
E)  They bind to basophils and mast cells, ultimately triggering release of histamine. 
A)  They are secreted by mast cells in skin. 
B)  They differ extensively in amino acid sequences of constant regions. 
C)  They are found primarily in saliva and tears. 
D)  They have the same general structure as antibodies in class IgA. 
E)  They bind to basophils and mast cells, ultimately triggering release of histamine.

Question 16

Which pair is most appropriately matched?

Accepted Answer

A)  Variable region - antibody binding site 
B)  Toll-like receptors - immunoglobulin 
C)  Constant region - antigen binding site 
D)  IgA - allergic responses 
E)  Disulfide bonds - join heavy and light chains 
A)  Variable region - antibody binding site 
B)  Toll-like receptors - immunoglobulin 
C)  Constant region - antigen binding site 
D)  IgA - allergic responses 
E)  Disulfide bonds - join heavy and light chains

Question 17

Which feature is characteristic of innate defenses?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are found only in vertebrates. 
B)  They recognize specific pathogens. 
C)  They last longer than adaptive defenses. 
D)  They take days or weeks to develop. 
E)  They include barriers such as the skin. 
A)  They are found only in vertebrates. 
B)  They recognize specific pathogens. 
C)  They last longer than adaptive defenses. 
D)  They take days or weeks to develop. 
E)  They include barriers such as the skin.

Question 18

Refer to the graph showing a person's immune response, first to a vaccination, and later to exposure to the pathogen that the vaccine targeted.Time is represented on the x-axis, but the scale is different for each subdivision.   What amount of time does each period typically represent?

Accepted Answer

A = weeks,

Question 19

Which component play(s) a role in the activation phase of the cellular immune response that is analogous to the role played by class II MHC proteins in the activation phase of the humoral immune response?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cytotoxic T cells 
B)  T-helper cells 
C)  CD28 
D)  Memory cells 
E)  Class I MHC protein 
A)  Cytotoxic T cells 
B)  T-helper cells 
C)  CD28 
D)  Memory cells 
E)  Class I MHC protein

Question 20

Which statement about natural killer cells is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are a class of phagocytes. 
B)  They can distinguish between normal cells and cells that have been infected by viruses. 
C)  They release antibodies. 
D)  They inject defensins into targeted cells. 
E)  They are unable to recognize cells that form tumors. 
A)  They are a class of phagocytes. 
B)  They can distinguish between normal cells and cells that have been infected by viruses. 
C)  They release antibodies. 
D)  They inject defensins into targeted cells. 
E)  They are unable to recognize cells that form tumors.

Exam 41: Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Harmful organisms and viruses that can cause disease are collectively known as _______.

Which statement about antibodies is correct?

Refer to the figure. This plasma cell has a large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum.This is necessary in order for the cell to _______.

If an individual has inappropriately low levels of activity of Tregs, it is likely that the individual will develop a(n) _______ disease.

Which defense mechanism would a pathogen on your skin encounter?

According to the clonal selection theory,

Which characterizes fever?

The process by which immature B or T cells with the potential to respond strongly to self antigens undergo apoptosis is called

Interferons

Which statement about immunoglobulins is true?

Also known as antigenic determinants, _______ are specific sites on the antigen that are recognized by the immune system.

Immature T cells migrate from the bone marrow to the _______, where they complete maturation.

Which characterizes T cell receptors?

Which statement about antibodies in the class IgE is true?

Which pair is most appropriately matched?

Which feature is characteristic of innate defenses?

Refer to the graph showing a person's immune response, first to a vaccination, and later to exposure to the pathogen that the vaccine targeted.Time is represented on the x-axis, but the scale is different for each subdivision. What amount of time does each period typically represent?

Which component play(s) a role in the activation phase of the cellular immune response that is analogous to the role played by class II MHC proteins in the activation phase of the humoral immune response?

Which statement about natural killer cells is true?

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