Question 1

If you come down with the flu, your body will launch an adaptive immune attack against the flu virus.During the recognition phase,

Accepted Answer

A)  an antigen of the virus will be presented to T cells by an antigen-presenting cell. 
B)  a T-helper cell will recognize the viral antigen and stimulate B cells and cytotoxic T cells to divide. 
C)  cytotoxic T cells will recognize the virus-infected cells and kill them. 
D)  B cells will recognize the viral particles and produce antibodies against them. 
E)  antibodies will recognize the viral antigens, bind to them, and attract phagocytes. 
A)  an antigen of the virus will be presented to T cells by an antigen-presenting cell. 
B)  a T-helper cell will recognize the viral antigen and stimulate B cells and cytotoxic T cells to divide. 
C)  cytotoxic T cells will recognize the virus-infected cells and kill them. 
D)  B cells will recognize the viral particles and produce antibodies against them. 
E)  antibodies will recognize the viral antigens, bind to them, and attract phagocytes.

Question 2

Which event would most likely occur after an ingested virus is degraded within a macrophage?

Accepted Answer

A)  The antigen would be presented to a cytotoxic T cell. 
B)  The antigen would be presented to a T cell with the surface protein CD8. 
C)  A class II MHC protein would bind to a fragment of a viral protein and bring it to the cell surface of the macrophage. 
D)  A cytotoxic T cell receptor would recognize the antigen fragment and the class II MHC molecule. 
E)  A T-helper cell would bind to the class I MHC molecule presenting the antigen fragment. 
A)  The antigen would be presented to a cytotoxic T cell. 
B)  The antigen would be presented to a T cell with the surface protein CD8. 
C)  A class II MHC protein would bind to a fragment of a viral protein and bring it to the cell surface of the macrophage. 
D)  A cytotoxic T cell receptor would recognize the antigen fragment and the class II MHC molecule. 
E)  A T-helper cell would bind to the class I MHC molecule presenting the antigen fragment.

Question 3

Which characterizes lysozyme?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is produced in the skin as a defense against viruses. 
B)  It is a slippery secretion that traps microorganisms. 
C)  It causes bacterial cell walls to burst. 
D)  It is part of the adaptive defense system. 
E)  It is an enzyme that inserts itself into cell membranes of pathogens, making them permeable. 
A)  It is produced in the skin as a defense against viruses. 
B)  It is a slippery secretion that traps microorganisms. 
C)  It causes bacterial cell walls to burst. 
D)  It is part of the adaptive defense system. 
E)  It is an enzyme that inserts itself into cell membranes of pathogens, making them permeable.

Question 4

Which event must take place for a B cell to become an antibody-secreting plasma cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  Monoclonal antibody production of two distinct epitopes per antibody 
B)  Binding to an antigen by the B cell and a T-helper cell with the same specificity as the B cell 
C)  The production of IgE, followed by production of IgG 
D)  The production of IgG, followed by production of IgE 
E)  The activation of class I MHC proteins 
A)  Monoclonal antibody production of two distinct epitopes per antibody 
B)  Binding to an antigen by the B cell and a T-helper cell with the same specificity as the B cell 
C)  The production of IgE, followed by production of IgG 
D)  The production of IgG, followed by production of IgE 
E)  The activation of class I MHC proteins

Question 5

When would a B cell present an antigen on an MHC I protein?

Accepted Answer

A)  When the B cell is infected with a virus 
B)  As part of the effector phase of any immune response 
C)  After activation by a TH cell 
D)  After ingesting a pathogen in a phagosome 
E)  After stimulation by cytokines 
A)  When the B cell is infected with a virus 
B)  As part of the effector phase of any immune response 
C)  After activation by a TH cell 
D)  After ingesting a pathogen in a phagosome 
E)  After stimulation by cytokines

Question 6

Which characterizes complement proteins?

Accepted Answer

A)  They cause lysozyme to lyse invading cells such as bacteria. 
B)  They are a component of the innate immune response but not the adaptive immune response. 
C)  They make up a group of just three different proteins that act in a cascade. 
D)  They help to activate the inflammatory response. 
E)  They bind to antibodies but not antigens. 
A)  They cause lysozyme to lyse invading cells such as bacteria. 
B)  They are a component of the innate immune response but not the adaptive immune response. 
C)  They make up a group of just three different proteins that act in a cascade. 
D)  They help to activate the inflammatory response. 
E)  They bind to antibodies but not antigens.

Question 7

The drug cyclosporine is commonly given to patients after a tissue transplant to prevent rejection.A likely mechanism for cyclosporine action is that it

Accepted Answer

A)  increases the recognition of nonself antigens. 
B)  reduces the possibility of infection from germs. 
C)  suppresses the immune system by blocking development of T cells. 
D)  activates Tregs. 
E)  stimulates the proliferation of T-helper cells. 
A)  increases the recognition of nonself antigens. 
B)  reduces the possibility of infection from germs. 
C)  suppresses the immune system by blocking development of T cells. 
D)  activates Tregs. 
E)  stimulates the proliferation of T-helper cells.

Question 8

Refer to the figure below.   You would find the receptor labeled "B" on a _______ cell

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the figure below.  ...

Question 9

Refer to the figure showing the adaptive immune system.   Components involved in the humoral response include

Accepted Answer

A)  1 only. 
B)  2 only. 
C)  3 and 5, only. 
D)  1, 2, 3, and 5. 
E)  1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. 
A)  1 only. 
B)  2 only. 
C)  3 and 5, only. 
D)  1, 2, 3, and 5. 
E)  1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

Question 10

If a person is deficient in Tregs that recognize antigen-MHC complexes specific for insulin-secreting cells, a likely outcome is that the person will

Accepted Answer

A)  maintain a healthy pancreas. 
B)  become insulin resistant. 
C)  have fewer T-helper cells that recognize this same antigen-MHC complex. 
D)  have fewer cytotoxic T cells that recognize this same antigen-MHC complex. 
E)  develop type I diabetes. 
A)  maintain a healthy pancreas. 
B)  become insulin resistant. 
C)  have fewer T-helper cells that recognize this same antigen-MHC complex. 
D)  have fewer cytotoxic T cells that recognize this same antigen-MHC complex. 
E)  develop type I diabetes.

Question 11

Which characterizes antigenic determinants?

Accepted Answer

A)  Specific regions on antigens are recognized by the immune system. 
B)  Each antigenic molecule has one, and only one, antigenic determinant. 
C)  They are also called antibodies. 
D)  Multiple, different antibodies bind to a single one. 
E)  They are usually phospholipids. 
A)  Specific regions on antigens are recognized by the immune system. 
B)  Each antigenic molecule has one, and only one, antigenic determinant. 
C)  They are also called antibodies. 
D)  Multiple, different antibodies bind to a single one. 
E)  They are usually phospholipids.

Question 12

The amino acid sequences of the _______ regions are different for each specific immunoglobulin.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The amino acid sequences of the _______...

Question 13

A B cell produces IgM molecules that recognize an antigenic determinant on an influenza virus.After several days, the cell begins to produce IgG molecules that recognize the same antigenic determinant.This process is called

Accepted Answer

A)  activation. 
B)  RNA splicing. 
C)  gene mutation. 
D)  class switching. 
E)  autoimmunity. 
A)  activation. 
B)  RNA splicing. 
C)  gene mutation. 
D)  class switching. 
E)  autoimmunity.

Question 14

Refer to the figure showing an immune response to an antigen.   The cell labeled "B" is a(n) _______ cell, which _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  plasma cell; contributes to a primary immune response 
B)  T-helper cell; binds to antigen‒MHC complexes in a primary immune response 
C)  B lymphocyte; binds to antigen‒MHC complexes presented by macrophages 
D)  effector B cell; provides cells in a secondary immune response 
E)  memory cell; secretes antibodies in a primary immune response 
A)  plasma cell; contributes to a primary immune response 
B)  T-helper cell; binds to antigen‒MHC complexes in a primary immune response 
C)  B lymphocyte; binds to antigen‒MHC complexes presented by macrophages 
D)  effector B cell; provides cells in a secondary immune response 
E)  memory cell; secretes antibodies in a primary immune response

Question 15

There are two major kinds of white blood cells: _______ engulf pathogens, while _______ are involved in adaptive immunity.

Accepted Answer

A)  monocytes; macrophages 
B)  mast cells; neutrophils 
C)  lymphocytes; phagocytes 
D)  phagocytes; lymphocytes 
E)  natural killer cells; dendritic cells 
A)  monocytes; macrophages 
B)  mast cells; neutrophils 
C)  lymphocytes; phagocytes 
D)  phagocytes; lymphocytes 
E)  natural killer cells; dendritic cells

Question 16

Binding of a molecule from a pathogen to a receptor initiates a signal transduction pathway.Which represents the correct order of events in this pathway?

Accepted Answer

A)  Change in shape of NF-κB F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 binding of NF-κB to the promoter F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 activation of toll-like receptor F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 transcription of defense genes 
B)  Binding of NF-κB to the promoter F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 change in shape of NF-κB F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 activation of toll-like receptor F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 transcription of defense genes 
C)  Activation of toll-like receptor F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 change in shape of NF-κB F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 binding of NF-κB to the promoter F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 transcription of defense genes 
D)  Activation of toll-like receptor F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 binding of NF-κB to the promoter F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 change in shape of NF-κB F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 transcription of defense genes 
E)  Binding of NF-κB to the promoter F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 activation of toll-like receptor F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 transcription of defense genes F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 change in shape of NF-κB 
A)  Change in shape of NF-κB F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 binding of NF-κB to the promoter F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 activation of toll-like receptor F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 transcription of defense genes 
B)  Binding of NF-κB to the promoter F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 change in shape of NF-κB F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 activation of toll-like receptor F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 transcription of defense genes 
C)  Activation of toll-like receptor F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 change in shape of NF-κB F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 binding of NF-κB to the promoter F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 transcription of defense genes 
D)  Activation of toll-like receptor F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 binding of NF-κB to the promoter F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 change in shape of NF-κB F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 transcription of defense genes 
E)  Binding of NF-κB to the promoter F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 activation of toll-like receptor F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 transcription of defense genes F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 change in shape of NF-κB

Question 17

Refer to the figure showing an immunology experiment.   Guinea pig number 2 did not survive exposure to diphtheria toxin most likely because it _______ from the injection of blood serum from guinea pig number 1.

Accepted Answer

did not re

Question 18

A child is born with a genetic disorder that impairs her ability to produce B and T lymphocytes.With this diagnosis, the symptom would you most likely see would be

Accepted Answer

A)  an overactive inflammatory response. 
B)  the absence of an inflammatory response. 
C)  an overactive adaptive immune response. 
D)  an inability to release histamine. 
E)  the absence of an adaptive immune response. 
A)  an overactive inflammatory response. 
B)  the absence of an inflammatory response. 
C)  an overactive adaptive immune response. 
D)  an inability to release histamine. 
E)  the absence of an adaptive immune response.

Question 19

Which statement about class switching is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The first class of immunoglobulin a B cell makes is IgG. 
B)  A DNA deletion in the constant region produces an immunoglobulin with a different function. 
C)  When class switching occurs, the class of the new immunoglobulin depends on which of the variable region genes is deleted. 
D)  Class switching produces an immunoglobulin with different antigen specificity. 
E)  A DNA deletion in the variable region allows a cell making IgA to switch to making IgM. 
A)  The first class of immunoglobulin a B cell makes is IgG. 
B)  A DNA deletion in the constant region produces an immunoglobulin with a different function. 
C)  When class switching occurs, the class of the new immunoglobulin depends on which of the variable region genes is deleted. 
D)  Class switching produces an immunoglobulin with different antigen specificity. 
E)  A DNA deletion in the variable region allows a cell making IgA to switch to making IgM.

Question 20

Which is the least likely use for a monoclonal antibody?

Accepted Answer

A)  Detecting a specific protein on a cell membrane 
B)  As a vaccine against the influenza virus 
C)  Binding an antibody to a cancer cell to trigger an immune response that kills the cancer cell 
D)  Pregnancy tests to detect human chorionic gonadotropin produced by the developing embryo 
E)  Monoclonal antibodies with toxins attached to treat cancer 
A)  Detecting a specific protein on a cell membrane 
B)  As a vaccine against the influenza virus 
C)  Binding an antibody to a cancer cell to trigger an immune response that kills the cancer cell 
D)  Pregnancy tests to detect human chorionic gonadotropin produced by the developing embryo 
E)  Monoclonal antibodies with toxins attached to treat cancer

Exam 41: Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

If you come down with the flu, your body will launch an adaptive immune attack against the flu virus.During the recognition phase,

Which event would most likely occur after an ingested virus is degraded within a macrophage?

Which characterizes lysozyme?

Which event must take place for a B cell to become an antibody-secreting plasma cell?

When would a B cell present an antigen on an MHC I protein?

Which characterizes complement proteins?

The drug cyclosporine is commonly given to patients after a tissue transplant to prevent rejection.A likely mechanism for cyclosporine action is that it

Refer to the figure below. You would find the receptor labeled "B" on a _______ cell

Refer to the figure showing the adaptive immune system. Components involved in the humoral response include

If a person is deficient in Tregs that recognize antigen-MHC complexes specific for insulin-secreting cells, a likely outcome is that the person will

Which characterizes antigenic determinants?

The amino acid sequences of the _______ regions are different for each specific immunoglobulin.

A B cell produces IgM molecules that recognize an antigenic determinant on an influenza virus.After several days, the cell begins to produce IgG molecules that recognize the same antigenic determinant.This process is called

Refer to the figure showing an immune response to an antigen. The cell labeled "B" is a(n) _______ cell, which _______.

There are two major kinds of white blood cells: _______ engulf pathogens, while _______ are involved in adaptive immunity.

Binding of a molecule from a pathogen to a receptor initiates a signal transduction pathway.Which represents the correct order of events in this pathway?

Refer to the figure showing an immunology experiment. Guinea pig number 2 did not survive exposure to diphtheria toxin most likely because it _______ from the injection of blood serum from guinea pig number 1.

A child is born with a genetic disorder that impairs her ability to produce B and T lymphocytes.With this diagnosis, the symptom would you most likely see would be

Which statement about class switching is true?

Which is the least likely use for a monoclonal antibody?

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

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A Changing Biosphere

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Refer to the figure showing an immune response to an antigen. The cell labeled "B" is a(n) _ cell, which _.

There are two major kinds of white blood cells: _ engulf pathogens, while _ are involved in adaptive immunity.