Question 1

HIV can be transmitted from person to person

Accepted Answer

A)  through transfusion of infected blood donations. 
B)  by kissing. 
C)  through sharing cutlery. 
D)  through contact with skin. 
E)  through contact with toilet seats. 
A)  through transfusion of infected blood donations. 
B)  by kissing. 
C)  through sharing cutlery. 
D)  through contact with skin. 
E)  through contact with toilet seats.

Question 2

During the activation phase of the _______ immune response, T-helper cells release cytokines, which stimulate the production of a clone of T-helper cells with the same specificity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During the activation phase of the _______...

Question 3

In immediate hypersensitivity, individuals exposed to an allergen produce too much of the immunoglobulin IgE, which causes a rapid release of a large amount of _______, the chemical responsible for many allergic symptoms.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In immediate hypersensitivity, individuals exposed to an...

Question 4

If you scrape your knee falling on asphalt, of the events listed, which is the first in the sequence of inflammatory responses at the wound site?

Accepted Answer

A)  Blood vessels dilate and become leaky 
B)  Mast cells release histamine 
C)  Phagocytes move into the wound area 
D)  Complement proteins lyse bacteria in the wound 
E)  Interferons are released by infected cells 
A)  Blood vessels dilate and become leaky 
B)  Mast cells release histamine 
C)  Phagocytes move into the wound area 
D)  Complement proteins lyse bacteria in the wound 
E)  Interferons are released by infected cells

Question 5

Which statement about AIDS is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The chances of getting the disease are decreased if an individual already has a sexually transmitted disease. 
B)  AIDS stands for "autoimmune deficiency syndrome." 
C)  Most people who die from AIDS die within the first six weeks of exposure to HIV. 
D)  HIV cannot be transmitted through blood transfusions. 
E)  HIV infections can be transmitted through sexual intercourse when a condom is not used. 
A)  The chances of getting the disease are decreased if an individual already has a sexually transmitted disease. 
B)  AIDS stands for "autoimmune deficiency syndrome." 
C)  Most people who die from AIDS die within the first six weeks of exposure to HIV. 
D)  HIV cannot be transmitted through blood transfusions. 
E)  HIV infections can be transmitted through sexual intercourse when a condom is not used.

Question 6

Which list shows the correct components in the correct order for initiation of the inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

A)  Monocytes; complement proteins; mast cells; histamine release 
B)  Mast cells; histamine release; lymphocytes 
C)  Mast cells; histamine release; complement proteins; phagocytes 
D)  Phagocytes; complement proteins; mast cells 
E)  Eosinophils; defensins; histamine release; lymphocytes 
A)  Monocytes; complement proteins; mast cells; histamine release 
B)  Mast cells; histamine release; lymphocytes 
C)  Mast cells; histamine release; complement proteins; phagocytes 
D)  Phagocytes; complement proteins; mast cells 
E)  Eosinophils; defensins; histamine release; lymphocytes

Question 7

Refer to the figure showing the adaptive immune system.   When a patient receives a kidney transplant, the patient will likely be given a drug to prevent rejection of the transplanted organ.The effect of the drug will have to result in an interruption in the action of which component to achieve this effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  3 only 
C)  Both 3 and 5 
D)  4 
E)  5 only 
A)  1 
B)  3 only 
C)  Both 3 and 5 
D)  4 
E)  5 only

Question 8

Refer to the figure showing two different types of hammer.   If you compare the hammers to T cell receptors, the handles of the hammers are most analogous to the

Accepted Answer

A)  variable regions. 
B)  constant regions. 
C)  α chains. 
D)  γ chains. 
E)  antigen‒MHC binding region. 
A)  variable regions. 
B)  constant regions. 
C)  α chains. 
D)  γ chains. 
E)  antigen‒MHC binding region.

Question 9

A college student taking a 24-hour bus trip to her summer internship is surrounded by people sniffling and sneezing.She cannot escape the pathogen involved, but she does not share the others' symptoms during her trip.Which of the following is not involved in her resistance to the illness?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mucus 
B)  Lysozymes 
C)  T cells 
D)  Skin 
E)  Phagocytosis 
A)  Mucus 
B)  Lysozymes 
C)  T cells 
D)  Skin 
E)  Phagocytosis

Question 10

For every white blood cell in a given volume of human blood, there are about _______ red blood cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  2 
B)  10 
C)  50 
D)  100 
E)  1,000 
A)  2 
B)  10 
C)  50 
D)  100 
E)  1,000

Question 11

The retrovirus HIV specifically destroys T-helper cells and thus disrupts the

Accepted Answer

A)  humoral immune response, only. 
B)  cellular immune response, only. 
C)  inflammatory response, only. 
D)  both humoral and cellular immune responses. 
E)  both inflammatory and cellular immune responses. 
A)  humoral immune response, only. 
B)  cellular immune response, only. 
C)  inflammatory response, only. 
D)  both humoral and cellular immune responses. 
E)  both inflammatory and cellular immune responses.

Question 12

Which statement is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Phagocytes can move both within blood vessels and outside blood vessels. 
B)  In their innate defense role, natural killer cells lyse cancerous cells and virus-infected cells. 
C)  Phagocytes engulf and then kill pathogens using defensins, reactive oxygen-containing molecules, and nitric oxide. 
D)  Defensins attach to the surface of a pathogen, which helps phagocytes destroy the pathogen. 
E)  Interacting with adaptive defense mechanisms, natural killer cells lyse antibody-labeled target cells. 
A)  Phagocytes can move both within blood vessels and outside blood vessels. 
B)  In their innate defense role, natural killer cells lyse cancerous cells and virus-infected cells. 
C)  Phagocytes engulf and then kill pathogens using defensins, reactive oxygen-containing molecules, and nitric oxide. 
D)  Defensins attach to the surface of a pathogen, which helps phagocytes destroy the pathogen. 
E)  Interacting with adaptive defense mechanisms, natural killer cells lyse antibody-labeled target cells.

Question 13

T cells are stimulated by the binding of antigen‒MHC complex to the T cells' receptors.The outcome of this interaction (i.e., whether it leads to formation of antibodies or to the death of the cell with the antigen‒MHC complex) depends on

Accepted Answer

A)  which class of MHC protein is involved, only. 
B)  which type of T cell is involved, only. 
C)  whether perforin is produced, only. 
D)  which class of MHC protein and type of T cell are involved, only. 
E)  which class of MHC protein and type of T cell are involved, and whether perforin is produced. 
A)  which class of MHC protein is involved, only. 
B)  which type of T cell is involved, only. 
C)  whether perforin is produced, only. 
D)  which class of MHC protein and type of T cell are involved, only. 
E)  which class of MHC protein and type of T cell are involved, and whether perforin is produced.

Question 14

Which characterizes antibodies in the class IgA?

Accepted Answer

A)  Found primarily free in blood plasma 
B)  Prevent attachment of pathogens to epithelial cells of mucous membranes 
C)  Have monomer structure 
D)  Protect epidermal cells of the skin 
E)  Bind to mast cells 
A)  Found primarily free in blood plasma 
B)  Prevent attachment of pathogens to epithelial cells of mucous membranes 
C)  Have monomer structure 
D)  Protect epidermal cells of the skin 
E)  Bind to mast cells

Question 15

Which statement about MHC molecules is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  MHC proteins are cell membrane lipoproteins. 
B)  The major role of MHC proteins is to present antigens to B cell receptors. 
C)  Class I MHC proteins are found on the surface of every nucleated cell. 
D)  Class II MHC molecules are found on the surface of T cells. 
E)  Macrophages use MHC proteins complexed with CD4 or CD8 proteins to display antigens. 
A)  MHC proteins are cell membrane lipoproteins. 
B)  The major role of MHC proteins is to present antigens to B cell receptors. 
C)  Class I MHC proteins are found on the surface of every nucleated cell. 
D)  Class II MHC molecules are found on the surface of T cells. 
E)  Macrophages use MHC proteins complexed with CD4 or CD8 proteins to display antigens.

Question 16

Which is an opportunistic infection often associated with AIDS?

Accepted Answer

A)  Kaposi's sarcoma 
B)  Hashimoto's thyroiditis 
C)  Type I diabetes 
D)  Blood-clotting diseases such as hemophilia 
E)  Rheumatoid arthritis 
A)  Kaposi's sarcoma 
B)  Hashimoto's thyroiditis 
C)  Type I diabetes 
D)  Blood-clotting diseases such as hemophilia 
E)  Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 17

The removal of immature B and T cells is called clonal

Accepted Answer

A)  anergy. 
B)  deletion. 
C)  selection. 
D)  attenuation. 
E)  inactivation. 
A)  anergy. 
B)  deletion. 
C)  selection. 
D)  attenuation. 
E)  inactivation.

Question 18

T cell receptors

Accepted Answer

A)  are the primary receptors for the humoral immune system. 
B)  are carbohydrates. 
C)  cannot function unless the animal has previously encountered the antigen. 
D)  are produced by plasma cells. 
E)  are important in combating viral infections. 
A)  are the primary receptors for the humoral immune system. 
B)  are carbohydrates. 
C)  cannot function unless the animal has previously encountered the antigen. 
D)  are produced by plasma cells. 
E)  are important in combating viral infections.

Question 19

In certain liver cancers, patients show an overexpression of Tregs.The result of this is most likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  improve the patient's prognosis because this will increase the body's immune response against the cancer. 
B)  lead to a poor prognosis because it could reduce the body's immune response against the cancer. 
C)  cause the cancer to shrink rapidly because of an enhanced activation of the cellular immune response. 
D)  activate cytotoxic T cells, which reduce the cancer by attacking and killing the cancer cells. 
E)  cause an autoimmune disease because of a lack of recognition of self as the Tregs attack the cancer cells. 
A)  improve the patient's prognosis because this will increase the body's immune response against the cancer. 
B)  lead to a poor prognosis because it could reduce the body's immune response against the cancer. 
C)  cause the cancer to shrink rapidly because of an enhanced activation of the cellular immune response. 
D)  activate cytotoxic T cells, which reduce the cancer by attacking and killing the cancer cells. 
E)  cause an autoimmune disease because of a lack of recognition of self as the Tregs attack the cancer cells.

Question 20

A fruit fly has an immune system that most likely shares which feature with that of humans?

Accepted Answer

A)  Producing antibodies against non-self antigens 
B)  Having cytotoxic T cells that kill infected cells 
C)  Having macrophages that phagocytize invading pathogens 
D)  Having MHC proteins used to display antigens 
E)  Having T-helper cells that stimulate division of other immune cells 
A)  Producing antibodies against non-self antigens 
B)  Having cytotoxic T cells that kill infected cells 
C)  Having macrophages that phagocytize invading pathogens 
D)  Having MHC proteins used to display antigens 
E)  Having T-helper cells that stimulate division of other immune cells

Exam 41: Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

HIV can be transmitted from person to person

During the activation phase of the _______ immune response, T-helper cells release cytokines, which stimulate the production of a clone of T-helper cells with the same specificity.

In immediate hypersensitivity, individuals exposed to an allergen produce too much of the immunoglobulin IgE, which causes a rapid release of a large amount of _______, the chemical responsible for many allergic symptoms.

If you scrape your knee falling on asphalt, of the events listed, which is the first in the sequence of inflammatory responses at the wound site?

Which statement about AIDS is true?

Which list shows the correct components in the correct order for initiation of the inflammatory response?

Refer to the figure showing two different types of hammer. If you compare the hammers to T cell receptors, the handles of the hammers are most analogous to the

A college student taking a 24-hour bus trip to her summer internship is surrounded by people sniffling and sneezing.She cannot escape the pathogen involved, but she does not share the others' symptoms during her trip.Which of the following is not involved in her resistance to the illness?

For every white blood cell in a given volume of human blood, there are about _______ red blood cells.

The retrovirus HIV specifically destroys T-helper cells and thus disrupts the

Which statement is false?

T cells are stimulated by the binding of antigen‒MHC complex to the T cells' receptors.The outcome of this interaction (i.e., whether it leads to formation of antibodies or to the death of the cell with the antigen‒MHC complex) depends on

Which characterizes antibodies in the class IgA?

Which statement about MHC molecules is true?

Which is an opportunistic infection often associated with AIDS?

The removal of immature B and T cells is called clonal

T cell receptors

In certain liver cancers, patients show an overexpression of Tregs.The result of this is most likely to

A fruit fly has an immune system that most likely shares which feature with that of humans?

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

Species Interactions

Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

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