Question 1

The sister group of the vascular plants is the _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The sister group of the vascular plants...

Question 2

The earliest clades of photosynthetic eukaryotes that led to land plants

Accepted Answer

A)  used phycoerythrin instead of chlorophyll a to harvest light. 
B)  share the derived trait of having peptidoglycan in their chloroplasts. 
C)  colonized land, helping animals and fungi evolve on land. 
D)  were similar to the modern glaucophytes, red algae, and chlorophytes. 
E)  used starch as a carbohydrate storage molecule. 
A)  used phycoerythrin instead of chlorophyll a to harvest light. 
B)  share the derived trait of having peptidoglycan in their chloroplasts. 
C)  colonized land, helping animals and fungi evolve on land. 
D)  were similar to the modern glaucophytes, red algae, and chlorophytes. 
E)  used starch as a carbohydrate storage molecule.

Question 3

Megaspores mature into _______, and microspores mature into _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  megasporangia; microsporangia 
B)  megagametophytes; microgametophytes 
C)  sperm; eggs 
D)  megaphylls; microphylls 
E)  sporophytes; gametophytes 
A)  megasporangia; microsporangia 
B)  megagametophytes; microgametophytes 
C)  sperm; eggs 
D)  megaphylls; microphylls 
E)  sporophytes; gametophytes

Question 4

Refer to the figure, which shows a nonvascular plant.   The nonvascular plant shown is a

Accepted Answer

A)  liverwort (Hepatophyta). 
B)  hornwort (Anthocerophyta). 
C)  moss (Bryophyta). 
D)  stonewort (green algae). 
E)  club moss (Lycophyta). 
A)  liverwort (Hepatophyta). 
B)  hornwort (Anthocerophyta). 
C)  moss (Bryophyta). 
D)  stonewort (green algae). 
E)  club moss (Lycophyta).

Question 5

What is a monilophyte?

Accepted Answer

A)  A clade of seed-bearing vascular plants that includes lycophytes and ferns 
B)  A clade of seedless vascular plants that includes ferns and horsetails 
C)  A clade of plants with a small leaf with one vascular strand 
D)  A clade of plants that have microphylls and dichotomous branching 
E)  A sister group to the lycophytes 
A)  A clade of seed-bearing vascular plants that includes lycophytes and ferns 
B)  A clade of seedless vascular plants that includes ferns and horsetails 
C)  A clade of plants with a small leaf with one vascular strand 
D)  A clade of plants that have microphylls and dichotomous branching 
E)  A sister group to the lycophytes

Question 6

Spores in land plants are

Accepted Answer

A)  haploid and are produced on the gametophyte. 
B)  haploid and are produced on the sporophyte. 
C)  diploid and are produced on the gametophyte. 
D)  diploid and are produced on the sporophyte. 
E)  diploid and are produced by fusion of haploid gametes. 
A)  haploid and are produced on the gametophyte. 
B)  haploid and are produced on the sporophyte. 
C)  diploid and are produced on the gametophyte. 
D)  diploid and are produced on the sporophyte. 
E)  diploid and are produced by fusion of haploid gametes.

Question 7

Differentiate between glaucophytes and red algae.In what ways are these two groups similar?

Accepted Answer

Both glaucophytes and red algae are phot

Question 8

All of the following were environmental challenges to plants moving onto land except

Accepted Answer

A)  desiccation. 
B)  the pull of gravity. 
C)  low light conditions. 
D)  a lack of water for dispersal of gametes. 
E)  the availability of nutrients. 
A)  desiccation. 
B)  the pull of gravity. 
C)  low light conditions. 
D)  a lack of water for dispersal of gametes. 
E)  the availability of nutrients.

Question 9

Which land plant group possesses leaflike microphylls?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mosses 
B)  Horsetails 
C)  Club mosses 
D)  Ferns 
E)  Liverworts 
A)  Mosses 
B)  Horsetails 
C)  Club mosses 
D)  Ferns 
E)  Liverworts

Question 10

In a heterosporous plant, two kinds of spores are produced in two kinds of _______.

Accepted Answer

sporangia

Question 11

Which structures characteristic of vascular plants developed first in the lycophytes?

Accepted Answer

A)  A thick, waxy cuticle to prevent desiccation and pores called stomata to allow for gas exchange 
B)  Megaphylls and a specialized arrangement of vascular tissue to allow differentiation of water and sugar transport 
C)  An independent sporophyte and true roots that branch dichotomously 
D)  A protected embryo and pores called stomata to allow for gas exchange 
E)  True roots that branch dichotomously and a persistently green sporophyte 
A)  A thick, waxy cuticle to prevent desiccation and pores called stomata to allow for gas exchange 
B)  Megaphylls and a specialized arrangement of vascular tissue to allow differentiation of water and sugar transport 
C)  An independent sporophyte and true roots that branch dichotomously 
D)  A protected embryo and pores called stomata to allow for gas exchange 
E)  True roots that branch dichotomously and a persistently green sporophyte

Question 12

Homosporous plants bear a single type of spore that gives rise to one type of gametophyte.Heterosporous plants produce two types of spores resulting in two distinct gametophytes-one male and one female.What is a plausible explanation for the evolution of separate male and female gametophytes in heterosporous plants?

Accepted Answer

A)  Consolidating male and female gametes on a single plant ensures close proximity of gametes during mating. 
B)  Separating male and female gametophytes prevents dessication. 
C)  Consolidating male and female gametes on a single plant shortens generation times by reducing the distance sperm travel to fuse with the egg, thus allowing for faster rates of evolution. 
D)  Separating male and female gametophytes reduces the risk of being eliminated by predation. 
E)  Separating male and female gametophytes promotes outcrossing and results in greater genetic diversity of offspring. 
A)  Consolidating male and female gametes on a single plant ensures close proximity of gametes during mating. 
B)  Separating male and female gametophytes prevents dessication. 
C)  Consolidating male and female gametes on a single plant shortens generation times by reducing the distance sperm travel to fuse with the egg, thus allowing for faster rates of evolution. 
D)  Separating male and female gametophytes reduces the risk of being eliminated by predation. 
E)  Separating male and female gametophytes promotes outcrossing and results in greater genetic diversity of offspring.

Question 13

The hornworts are the sister taxon of which other land plant clade(s)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Liverworts, mosses, and seed plants 
B)  Liverworts and mosses 
C)  Lycophytes, horsetails, ferns, and seed plants 
D)  Seed plants 
E)  Lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns 
A)  Liverworts, mosses, and seed plants 
B)  Liverworts and mosses 
C)  Lycophytes, horsetails, ferns, and seed plants 
D)  Seed plants 
E)  Lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns

Question 14

Which characteristic is a synapomorphy for green algae and land plants?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chlorophyll b 
B)  Cell walls rich in chitin 
C)  Carbohydrates stored mostly as glycogen 
D)  Plasmodesmata 
E)  Branching apical growth 
A)  Chlorophyll b 
B)  Cell walls rich in chitin 
C)  Carbohydrates stored mostly as glycogen 
D)  Plasmodesmata 
E)  Branching apical growth

Question 15

Consider the following facts: F1F1F1S1F1F1F10F1F1F1S1F1F1F10CO2 and light energy are needed in chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis.
F1F1F1S1F1F1F10F1F1F1S1F1F1F10Light heats up leaves when it is absorbed.
F1F1F1S1F1F1F10F1F1F1S1F1F1F10CO2 enters leaves and water evaporates from leaves through open stomata.
F1F1F1S1F1F1F10F1F1F1S1F1F1F10Water evaporating from a surface cools that surface.
Based on these facts, which statement best provides a hypothesis for what might happen as atmospheric CO2 levels increase during global climate change?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fewer stomata will be needed for photosynthesis, so plants will have less capacity for evaporative cooling of large leaves. 
B)  High CO2 levels will cause damage to plants with large leaves because of suffocation. 
C)  Large leaves will capture too much light compared with the amount of CO2 they can take up, so they will decrease in size to avoid light. 
D)  More stomata will be needed, so plants with large leaves will lose too much water. 
E)  High CO2 levels will cause an increase in leaf size, shading the plants and limiting plant growth capacity. 
A)  Fewer stomata will be needed for photosynthesis, so plants will have less capacity for evaporative cooling of large leaves. 
B)  High CO2 levels will cause damage to plants with large leaves because of suffocation. 
C)  Large leaves will capture too much light compared with the amount of CO2 they can take up, so they will decrease in size to avoid light. 
D)  More stomata will be needed, so plants with large leaves will lose too much water. 
E)  High CO2 levels will cause an increase in leaf size, shading the plants and limiting plant growth capacity.

Question 16

Match the description below with the correct group of seedless vascular plants from the list that follows. They typically have large leaves with branching vascular strands, some can reach heights of up to 20 m, and the sporangia are usually clustered in groups called sori.

Accepted Answer

A)  Club mosses 
B)  Horsetails 
C)  Ferns 
D)  Monilophytes 
E)  Rhyniophytes 
A)  Club mosses 
B)  Horsetails 
C)  Ferns 
D)  Monilophytes 
E)  Rhyniophytes

Question 17

In land plants (and some algae), the sporophyte and gametophyte exhibit different levels of ploidy: Sporophytes are _______, whereas gametophytes are _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In land plants (and some algae), the...

Question 18

Structures found in individuals with a _______ life cycle include microgametophytes and megagametophytes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Structures found in individuals with a _______...

Question 19

Hornwort sporophytes have a basal region of cell division rather than an apical region.What effect does this have on sporophyte function in hornworts, as compared with mosses?

Accepted Answer

A)  It provides a place for symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria to live, while in mosses the apical cell division creates structures for mycorrhizal fungi. 
B)  It allows spores to be continually made and released as long as the sporophyte lives, while in mosses only one set of spores is made per sporophyte. 
C)  It limits division of sporophytes to the base so hornworts do not get as tall as mosses. 
D)  It keeps making green tissue to support growth of the gametophyte, while in mosses the gametophyte supports the sporophyte. 
E)  It helps raise the spores so they can be more easily dispersed by symbiotic fungi, while in mosses the spores are dispersed by wind. 
A)  It provides a place for symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria to live, while in mosses the apical cell division creates structures for mycorrhizal fungi. 
B)  It allows spores to be continually made and released as long as the sporophyte lives, while in mosses only one set of spores is made per sporophyte. 
C)  It limits division of sporophytes to the base so hornworts do not get as tall as mosses. 
D)  It keeps making green tissue to support growth of the gametophyte, while in mosses the gametophyte supports the sporophyte. 
E)  It helps raise the spores so they can be more easily dispersed by symbiotic fungi, while in mosses the spores are dispersed by wind.

Question 20

The nonvascular plants have a number of structures or characteristics that allow them to obtain water and minerals in the absence of a vascular system.These include all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  growth in dense masses through which water can move by capillary action. 
B)  leaflike structures that catch and hold water. 
C)  small size, which allows minerals to be distributed evenly by diffusion. 
D)  an extensive root system to take up water from soil. 
E)  mycorrhizae, a mutualistic association with a fungus. 
A)  growth in dense masses through which water can move by capillary action. 
B)  leaflike structures that catch and hold water. 
C)  small size, which allows minerals to be distributed evenly by diffusion. 
D)  an extensive root system to take up water from soil. 
E)  mycorrhizae, a mutualistic association with a fungus.

Exam 27: Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The sister group of the vascular plants is the _______.

The earliest clades of photosynthetic eukaryotes that led to land plants

Megaspores mature into _______, and microspores mature into _______.

Refer to the figure, which shows a nonvascular plant. The nonvascular plant shown is a

What is a monilophyte?

Spores in land plants are

Differentiate between glaucophytes and red algae.In what ways are these two groups similar?

All of the following were environmental challenges to plants moving onto land except

Which land plant group possesses leaflike microphylls?

In a heterosporous plant, two kinds of spores are produced in two kinds of _______.

Which structures characteristic of vascular plants developed first in the lycophytes?

The hornworts are the sister taxon of which other land plant clade(s)?

Which characteristic is a synapomorphy for green algae and land plants?

Match the description below with the correct group of seedless vascular plants from the list that follows. They typically have large leaves with branching vascular strands, some can reach heights of up to 20 m, and the sporangia are usually clustered in groups called sori.

In land plants (and some algae), the sporophyte and gametophyte exhibit different levels of ploidy: Sporophytes are _______, whereas gametophytes are _______.

Structures found in individuals with a _______ life cycle include microgametophytes and megagametophytes.

Hornwort sporophytes have a basal region of cell division rather than an apical region.What effect does this have on sporophyte function in hornworts, as compared with mosses?

The nonvascular plants have a number of structures or characteristics that allow them to obtain water and minerals in the absence of a vascular system.These include all of the following except

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Megaspores mature into _, and microspores mature into _.

In land plants (and some algae), the sporophyte and gametophyte exhibit different levels of ploidy: Sporophytes are _, whereas gametophytes are _.