Question 1

Some biologists think that viruses should not be classified as living organisms because they

Accepted Answer

A)  evolve too rapidly. 
B)  infect all cellular forms of life. 
C)  depend on cellular organisms to replicate. 
D)  do not use nucleic acids to store genetic information. 
E)  cannot survive outside of living hosts. 
A)  evolve too rapidly. 
B)  infect all cellular forms of life. 
C)  depend on cellular organisms to replicate. 
D)  do not use nucleic acids to store genetic information. 
E)  cannot survive outside of living hosts.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bacteria and Archaea are very similar in their adaptations, morphology, metabolic pathways, biochemistry, and functions. 
B)  Bacteria and Archaea are very closely related. 
C)  Gene sequences of prokaryotes have been extracted from environmental samples of soil and seawater. 
D)  Examination of genes obtained from environmental sampling indicates all unknown species resemble known species. 
E)  The majority of prokaryotic cells are easily grown in pure culture in laboratories. 
A)  Bacteria and Archaea are very similar in their adaptations, morphology, metabolic pathways, biochemistry, and functions. 
B)  Bacteria and Archaea are very closely related. 
C)  Gene sequences of prokaryotes have been extracted from environmental samples of soil and seawater. 
D)  Examination of genes obtained from environmental sampling indicates all unknown species resemble known species. 
E)  The majority of prokaryotic cells are easily grown in pure culture in laboratories.

Question 3

Which statement regarding double-stranded RNA viruses is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are the causal agents of many different plant diseases. 
B)  They are the causal agents of many different animal diseases. 
C)  As a group, they have a broad host range-infecting both plant and animal species. 
D)  They contain both positive and negative RNA strands. 
E)  They are monophyletic. 
A)  They are the causal agents of many different plant diseases. 
B)  They are the causal agents of many different animal diseases. 
C)  As a group, they have a broad host range-infecting both plant and animal species. 
D)  They contain both positive and negative RNA strands. 
E)  They are monophyletic.

Question 4

You are interested in studying bZIP1, a gene involved in nitrogen assimilation.The genomic copy of bZIP1 is full of introns, and to simplify your experimental design, you isolate the mRNA of this gene (which lacks introns).Which enzyme will be crucial in the next step of generating a cDNA version of bZIP1?

Accepted Answer

A)  Oxygenase 
B)  RNA polymerase 
C)  Translocase 
D)  DNA polymerase 
E)  Reverse transcriptase 
A)  Oxygenase 
B)  RNA polymerase 
C)  Translocase 
D)  DNA polymerase 
E)  Reverse transcriptase

Question 5

After eating at your favorite takeout restaurant, you begin to experience vomiting and diarrhea.You later discover the restaurant has closed because of a Salmonella outbreak.
Though your doctor was unable to culture live bacteria from your biological samples, judging from your symptoms, you conclude that your discomfort was caused when Salmonella produced a(n) _______ that had low toxigenicity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of After eating at your favorite takeout restaurant,...

Question 6

Negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses are thought to have arisen many times independently, because

Accepted Answer

A)  nucleotide sequences show that the single-stranded RNA viruses are not closely related. 
B)  they have diverse capsid morphology. 
C)  they cause many human diseases, including measles, mumps, and rabies. 
D)  they have only a few genes. 
E)  there are no known fossils of them. 
A)  nucleotide sequences show that the single-stranded RNA viruses are not closely related. 
B)  they have diverse capsid morphology. 
C)  they cause many human diseases, including measles, mumps, and rabies. 
D)  they have only a few genes. 
E)  there are no known fossils of them.

Question 7

Which statement about microbiomes and/or biofilms is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Microbiome communities always occur as biofilms. 
B)  Biofilms are always detrimental to an organism's health. 
C)  The species present in an intestinal biofilm are considered part of the microbiome. 
D)  Microbiomes are easily studied, as most of the species present have been fully characterized. 
E)  Microbiomes are composed exclusively of bacterial communities. 
A)  Microbiome communities always occur as biofilms. 
B)  Biofilms are always detrimental to an organism's health. 
C)  The species present in an intestinal biofilm are considered part of the microbiome. 
D)  Microbiomes are easily studied, as most of the species present have been fully characterized. 
E)  Microbiomes are composed exclusively of bacterial communities.

Question 8

Most prokaryotes

Accepted Answer

A)  are agents of disease. 
B)  lack ribosomes. 
C)  evolved from the most ancient eukaryotes. 
D)  lack a cell wall. 
E)  have not been fully characterized. 
A)  are agents of disease. 
B)  lack ribosomes. 
C)  evolved from the most ancient eukaryotes. 
D)  lack a cell wall. 
E)  have not been fully characterized.

Question 9

A friend tells you she "hates" bacteria and declares her intention to eradicate all bacteria from her home.What do you tell her about bacteria and antibiotic resistance?

Accepted Answer

This effort to eradicate all bacteria wi

Question 10

Samples isolated from the hypersaline Dead Sea bordering Israel would likely contain organisms classified as _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Samples isolated from the hypersaline Dead Sea...

Question 11

Describe how Gram staining depends on bacterial cell wall structure.Would Gram staining work for archaea?

Accepted Answer

Gram staining results depend on the arra

Question 12

The most abundant organisms on Earth are prokaryotes, which include some archaea as well as _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The most abundant organisms on Earth are...

Question 13

The deepest split on the tree of life occurs between which groups?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya 
B)  Bacteria, Fungi, Plants, and Animals 
C)  Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals 
D)  Plants and Animals 
E)  Bacteria and Archaea 
A)  Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya 
B)  Bacteria, Fungi, Plants, and Animals 
C)  Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals 
D)  Plants and Animals 
E)  Bacteria and Archaea

Question 14

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows researchers to amplify a gene of interest in a reaction using temperature cycling, salts, and various buffers and reagents.Assess why the DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus was instrumental in the development of PCR.

Accepted Answer

A)  Its DNA polymerase is stable and functional at the high temperatures required during PCR cycling. 
B)  Its DNA polymerase is capable of generating DNA from an RNA precursor. 
C)  It is the only polymerase that also demonstrates exonuclease activity. 
D)  Its DNA polymerase is stable at a very low pH. 
E)  Its DNA polymerase is stable at very high salt concentrations. 
A)  Its DNA polymerase is stable and functional at the high temperatures required during PCR cycling. 
B)  Its DNA polymerase is capable of generating DNA from an RNA precursor. 
C)  It is the only polymerase that also demonstrates exonuclease activity. 
D)  Its DNA polymerase is stable at a very low pH. 
E)  Its DNA polymerase is stable at very high salt concentrations.

Question 15

Why do systematic biologists find rRNA sequence data more useful than data on metabolism or cell structure for classifying prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

rRNA sequencing data are particularly us

Question 16

Viruses lack organelles and consist of genetic material encased in a protein coat.Their simplicity and inability to carry out most life functions

Accepted Answer

A)  make them a weak class of pathogen. 
B)  support the theory that they arose as escaped fragments of organismal nucleic acids. 
C)  suggest that all life evolved from viruses. 
D)  explain why they evolve so rapidly. 
E)  make them a poor tool for biotechnological applications. 
A)  make them a weak class of pathogen. 
B)  support the theory that they arose as escaped fragments of organismal nucleic acids. 
C)  suggest that all life evolved from viruses. 
D)  explain why they evolve so rapidly. 
E)  make them a poor tool for biotechnological applications.

Question 17

_______ are not cellular and must depend on cellular organisms for replication and metabolism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ are not cellular and must depend...

Question 18

Which of the following would be favored by acidophilic thermophiles?

Accepted Answer

A)  The stomachs of many herbivores 
B)  Hot alkaline springs 
C)  Anaerobic conditions 
D)  Hot sulfur springs 
E)  Deep-sea volcanic vents 
A)  The stomachs of many herbivores 
B)  Hot alkaline springs 
C)  Anaerobic conditions 
D)  Hot sulfur springs 
E)  Deep-sea volcanic vents

Question 19

Clostridium and Escherichia are both well-known genera of rod-shaped bacteria, but they are classified into different groups based on the distribution of peptidoglycan in their cell walls.If E.coli stains red during a Gram stain test, then we know that Clostridium is

Accepted Answer

A)  one of the archaea. 
B)  Gram-positive. 
C)  a eukaryote. 
D)  Gram-negative. 
E)  a spirochete. 
A)  one of the archaea. 
B)  Gram-positive. 
C)  a eukaryote. 
D)  Gram-negative. 
E)  a spirochete.

Question 20

All photosynthetic prokaryotes

Accepted Answer

A)  use chlorophyll a as their photosynthetic pigment. 
B)  use bacteriochlorophyll as their photosynthetic pigment. 
C)  release oxygen gas. 
D)  produce particles of sulfur. 
E)  are photoautotrophs. 
A)  use chlorophyll a as their photosynthetic pigment. 
B)  use bacteriochlorophyll as their photosynthetic pigment. 
C)  release oxygen gas. 
D)  produce particles of sulfur. 
E)  are photoautotrophs.

Exam 25: Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

Some biologists think that viruses should not be classified as living organisms because they

Which of the following statements is true?

Which statement regarding double-stranded RNA viruses is false?

Negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses are thought to have arisen many times independently, because

Which statement about microbiomes and/or biofilms is true?

Most prokaryotes

A friend tells you she "hates" bacteria and declares her intention to eradicate all bacteria from her home.What do you tell her about bacteria and antibiotic resistance?

Samples isolated from the hypersaline Dead Sea bordering Israel would likely contain organisms classified as _______.

Describe how Gram staining depends on bacterial cell wall structure.Would Gram staining work for archaea?

The most abundant organisms on Earth are prokaryotes, which include some archaea as well as _______.

The deepest split on the tree of life occurs between which groups?

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows researchers to amplify a gene of interest in a reaction using temperature cycling, salts, and various buffers and reagents.Assess why the DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus was instrumental in the development of PCR.

Why do systematic biologists find rRNA sequence data more useful than data on metabolism or cell structure for classifying prokaryotes?

Viruses lack organelles and consist of genetic material encased in a protein coat.Their simplicity and inability to carry out most life functions

_______ are not cellular and must depend on cellular organisms for replication and metabolism.

Which of the following would be favored by acidophilic thermophiles?

Clostridium and Escherichia are both well-known genera of rod-shaped bacteria, but they are classified into different groups based on the distribution of peptidoglycan in their cell walls.If E.coli stains red during a Gram stain test, then we know that Clostridium is

All photosynthetic prokaryotes

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

Species Interactions

Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

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