Question 1

The majority of bacteria are

Accepted Answer

A)  photoautotrophs. 
B)  photoheterotrophs. 
C)  chemoautotrophs. 
D)  chemoheterotrophs. 
E)  pathogenic. 
A)  photoautotrophs. 
B)  photoheterotrophs. 
C)  chemoautotrophs. 
D)  chemoheterotrophs. 
E)  pathogenic.

Question 2

Thermotoga maritima is a bacterium that can survive extremely high temperatures.Some of its genes most resemble those of archaea that live in similar extreme environments.This is most likely the result of

Accepted Answer

A)  endosymbiosis. 
B)  lateral gene transfer. 
C)  conjugation. 
D)  convergent evolution. 
E)  common ancestry. 
A)  endosymbiosis. 
B)  lateral gene transfer. 
C)  conjugation. 
D)  convergent evolution. 
E)  common ancestry.

Question 3

Genes that are likely to undergo lateral transfer are those that

Accepted Answer

A)  are involved in basic biological processes. 
B)  confer a fitness advantage to the recipient. 
C)  are highly conserved and involved in DNA replication. 
D)  encode proteins involved in cell morphology. 
E)  determine rRNA sequences. 
A)  are involved in basic biological processes. 
B)  confer a fitness advantage to the recipient. 
C)  are highly conserved and involved in DNA replication. 
D)  encode proteins involved in cell morphology. 
E)  determine rRNA sequences.

Question 4

A phylogenetic tree constructed using sequences from eukaryotic chloroplast DNA, bacterial genomes, and archaeal genomes would show an artificially close relationship between bacteria and _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A phylogenetic tree constructed using sequences from...

Question 5

Complete the table.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Complete the table.  ...

Question 6

Which bacterium is abundant on the human body surface and is responsible for boils and many other skin problems?

Accepted Answer

A)  Staphylococcus aureus 
B)  Bacillus anthracis 
C)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
D)  Clostridium 
E)  Streptomyces 
A)  Staphylococcus aureus 
B)  Bacillus anthracis 
C)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
D)  Clostridium 
E)  Streptomyces

Question 7

Certain bacterial photoautotrophs use bacteriochlorophyll for photosynthesis.Bacteriochlorophyll molecules absorb light of longer wavelengths than the chlorophyll a molecules of other photosynthesizing organisms.The longer wavelengths pass through other organisms.What is the ecological advantage to this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bacteria can grow below dense layers of algae, using light not absorbed by the algae. 
B)  Bacteria can grow beneath algae layers because short wavelengths passing through algae are converted to longer wavelengths. 
C)  Bacteria can grow above algae because absorption of long wavelengths helps algae, on which bacteria feed. 
D)  The long wavelengths are absorbed and used to produce bioluminescence. 
E)  There is no ecological advantage to absorbing light of a longer wavelength. 
A)  Bacteria can grow below dense layers of algae, using light not absorbed by the algae. 
B)  Bacteria can grow beneath algae layers because short wavelengths passing through algae are converted to longer wavelengths. 
C)  Bacteria can grow above algae because absorption of long wavelengths helps algae, on which bacteria feed. 
D)  The long wavelengths are absorbed and used to produce bioluminescence. 
E)  There is no ecological advantage to absorbing light of a longer wavelength.

Question 8

Peptidoglycan is a unique feature of the

Accepted Answer

A)  Eukarya. 
B)  group formed of Bacteria and Eukarya. 
C)  Bacteria. 
D)  prokaryotes. 
E)  Archaea. 
A)  Eukarya. 
B)  group formed of Bacteria and Eukarya. 
C)  Bacteria. 
D)  prokaryotes. 
E)  Archaea.

Question 9

Living colonies of Clostridium botulinum produce a deadly toxin, which is lethal at about one-millionth of a gram.Smaller doses of this toxin, marketed as Botox, are used to treat muscle spasms and for temporary wrinkle reduction in the skin.Which of the following groups of terms is most applicable to this species?

Accepted Answer

A) High invasiveness, high toxigenicity, endotoxin 
B) Low invasiveness, high toxigenicity, endotoxin 
C) High invasiveness, low toxigenicity, exotoxin 
D) Low invasiveness, low toxigenicity, exotoxin 
E) Low invasiveness, high toxigenicity, exotoxin 
A) High invasiveness, high toxigenicity, endotoxin 
B) Low invasiveness, high toxigenicity, endotoxin 
C) High invasiveness, low toxigenicity, exotoxin 
D) Low invasiveness, low toxigenicity, exotoxin 
E) Low invasiveness, high toxigenicity, exotoxin

Question 10

Of the four nutritional categories of archaea and bacteria, most are _______, as are animals, fungi, and many protists.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Of the four nutritional categories of archaea...

Question 11

Refer to the figure, which shows an organismal tree.   In the tree shown, Gene x has undergone a lateral transfer event.Draw the phylogenetic tree you would expect based on Gene x, as well as the phylogenetic tree you would expect based on a consensus of nontransferred genes.Explain your answer as well.

Accepted Answer

@#IMG-DLM& In the tree based on the lateral transf

Question 12

After a few weeks of using a new antibiotic, you begin to experience stomach cramps and lethargy.Based on what you know about microbiomes, what would be a reasonable hypothesis to explain your discomfort?

Accepted Answer

A)  The bacteria living in your gut have become aerobic and can no longer survive in your intestines. 
B)  The bacteria living in your gut have become pathogenic and are funneling nutrients from your cells. 
C)  You have developed an allergy to the new medication. 
D)  The bacterial species in your gut have formed a biofilm. 
E)  The composition of bacterial species normally present in your intestines has changed and compromised your body's ability to function normally. 
A)  The bacteria living in your gut have become aerobic and can no longer survive in your intestines. 
B)  The bacteria living in your gut have become pathogenic and are funneling nutrients from your cells. 
C)  You have developed an allergy to the new medication. 
D)  The bacterial species in your gut have formed a biofilm. 
E)  The composition of bacterial species normally present in your intestines has changed and compromised your body's ability to function normally.

Question 13

Which statement about endospores is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parent cells can produce more than one endospore. 
B)  Endospores can survive harsh environmental conditions. 
C)  Endospores contain some cytoplasm and replicated nucleic acid. 
D)  Endospores are enclosed within a tough cell wall. 
E)  An endospore is a resting structure, not a reproductive structure. 
A)  Parent cells can produce more than one endospore. 
B)  Endospores can survive harsh environmental conditions. 
C)  Endospores contain some cytoplasm and replicated nucleic acid. 
D)  Endospores are enclosed within a tough cell wall. 
E)  An endospore is a resting structure, not a reproductive structure.

Question 14

Conditions of early Earth are believed to have been hotter than the present day.Evidence supporting this hypothesis is demonstrated by the existence of several early-branching lineages of bacteria called _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Conditions of early Earth are believed to...

Question 15

Which statement concerning nitrifiers, which act in soil and seawater, is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They include prokaryotes that convert ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NO2F1F1F1S1F1F1F10). 
B)  They include prokaryotes that convert nitrite (NO2F1F1F1S1F1F1F10) to nitrate (NO3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10). 
C)  Nitrate is the form of nitrogen most easily used by plants. 
D)  These bacteria include Nitrosococcus and Nitrobacter. 
E)  These bacteria commonly occur on human skin. 
A)  They include prokaryotes that convert ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NO2F1F1F1S1F1F1F10). 
B)  They include prokaryotes that convert nitrite (NO2F1F1F1S1F1F1F10) to nitrate (NO3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10). 
C)  Nitrate is the form of nitrogen most easily used by plants. 
D)  These bacteria include Nitrosococcus and Nitrobacter. 
E)  These bacteria commonly occur on human skin.

Question 16

How is it that viruses can be thought of as the "bark" on the tree of life: an important component all across the tree, but not quite like the main branches?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most plant viruses primarily cause a reaction on the outer surface of plant stems. 
B)  Viruses are smaller than any forms of cellular life. 
C)  Viruses are only of peripheral importance to life on Earth. 
D)  Replicating viruses often escape the host through the cell membrane. 
E)  They have evolved repeatedly from unrelated cellular organisms, not from one another. 
A)  Most plant viruses primarily cause a reaction on the outer surface of plant stems. 
B)  Viruses are smaller than any forms of cellular life. 
C)  Viruses are only of peripheral importance to life on Earth. 
D)  Replicating viruses often escape the host through the cell membrane. 
E)  They have evolved repeatedly from unrelated cellular organisms, not from one another.

Question 17

RNA that is the complement of the mRNA needed for protein translation occurs in

Accepted Answer

A)  positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. 
B)  negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. 
C)  double-stranded RNA viruses. 
D)  DNA viruses. 
E)  RNA retroviruses. 
A)  positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. 
B)  negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. 
C)  double-stranded RNA viruses. 
D)  DNA viruses. 
E)  RNA retroviruses.

Question 18

Some cyanobacteria that form filamentous colonies possess heterocysts, which are

Accepted Answer

A)  a means of locomotion. 
B)  endospores. 
C)  resting stages. 
D)  cells specialized for nitrogen fixation. 
E)  cells specialized for photosynthesis. 
A)  a means of locomotion. 
B)  endospores. 
C)  resting stages. 
D)  cells specialized for nitrogen fixation. 
E)  cells specialized for photosynthesis.

Question 19

Which of Koch's postulates would be especially difficult to satisfy when diagnosing an infection caused by a chlamydia?

Accepted Answer

A)  The microorganism is always found in individuals with the disease. 
B)  The microorganism can be taken from the host and grown in pure culture. 
C)  A sample of the culture produces the same disease when injected into a new, healthy host. 
D)  The newly infected host yields a new, pure culture of microorganisms identical to those obtained in the original diseased individual. 
E)  Chlamydias meet all the requirements to validate Koch's postulates. 
A)  The microorganism is always found in individuals with the disease. 
B)  The microorganism can be taken from the host and grown in pure culture. 
C)  A sample of the culture produces the same disease when injected into a new, healthy host. 
D)  The newly infected host yields a new, pure culture of microorganisms identical to those obtained in the original diseased individual. 
E)  Chlamydias meet all the requirements to validate Koch's postulates.

Question 20

How are prokaryote phylogenies different from mammal phylogenies?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is a high degree of lateral gene transfer in mammals. 
B)  Mammal phylogenies are constructed from evidence based in DNA, whereas prokaryote phylogenies are based in RNA. 
C)  There is a high degree of lateral gene transfer in prokaryotes. 
D)  The phylogenetic reconstruction process is much simpler for prokaryotes because they are much smaller. 
E)  Mammal phylogenies are constructed from evidence based in RNA, whereas prokaryote phylogenies are based in DNA. 
A)  There is a high degree of lateral gene transfer in mammals. 
B)  Mammal phylogenies are constructed from evidence based in DNA, whereas prokaryote phylogenies are based in RNA. 
C)  There is a high degree of lateral gene transfer in prokaryotes. 
D)  The phylogenetic reconstruction process is much simpler for prokaryotes because they are much smaller. 
E)  Mammal phylogenies are constructed from evidence based in RNA, whereas prokaryote phylogenies are based in DNA.

Exam 25: Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The majority of bacteria are

Thermotoga maritima is a bacterium that can survive extremely high temperatures.Some of its genes most resemble those of archaea that live in similar extreme environments.This is most likely the result of

Genes that are likely to undergo lateral transfer are those that

A phylogenetic tree constructed using sequences from eukaryotic chloroplast DNA, bacterial genomes, and archaeal genomes would show an artificially close relationship between bacteria and _______.

Complete the table.

Which bacterium is abundant on the human body surface and is responsible for boils and many other skin problems?

Peptidoglycan is a unique feature of the

Of the four nutritional categories of archaea and bacteria, most are _______, as are animals, fungi, and many protists.

After a few weeks of using a new antibiotic, you begin to experience stomach cramps and lethargy.Based on what you know about microbiomes, what would be a reasonable hypothesis to explain your discomfort?

Which statement about endospores is false?

Conditions of early Earth are believed to have been hotter than the present day.Evidence supporting this hypothesis is demonstrated by the existence of several early-branching lineages of bacteria called _______.

Which statement concerning nitrifiers, which act in soil and seawater, is false?

How is it that viruses can be thought of as the "bark" on the tree of life: an important component all across the tree, but not quite like the main branches?

RNA that is the complement of the mRNA needed for protein translation occurs in

Some cyanobacteria that form filamentous colonies possess heterocysts, which are

Which of Koch's postulates would be especially difficult to satisfy when diagnosing an infection caused by a chlamydia?

How are prokaryote phylogenies different from mammal phylogenies?

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

Species Interactions

Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

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