Question 1

If you were on a ship and observed bioluminescence in the ocean, what is the most logical conclusion you could draw about the surrounding waters?

Accepted Answer

A)  Phytoplankton are present at low densities, allowing for proliferation of bioluminescent bacteria. 
B)  Vibrio bacteria are present in small numbers, unable to compete with phytoplankton for nutrients. 
C)  Phytoplankton are using bioluminescence to attract fish-a natural predator of bacteria. 
D)  Both Vibrio bacteria and phytoplankton are present at high densities. 
E)  Phytoplankton are producing bioluminescence to attract bacteria. 
A)  Phytoplankton are present at low densities, allowing for proliferation of bioluminescent bacteria. 
B)  Vibrio bacteria are present in small numbers, unable to compete with phytoplankton for nutrients. 
C)  Phytoplankton are using bioluminescence to attract fish-a natural predator of bacteria. 
D)  Both Vibrio bacteria and phytoplankton are present at high densities. 
E)  Phytoplankton are producing bioluminescence to attract bacteria.

Question 2

Recessive mutations in prokaryotes exert their effects immediately because prokaryotes are effectively _______.Mutations can move quickly through populations of prokaryotes by _______ and _______ of the mutated cell.

Accepted Answer

A)  haploid; lateral gene transfer; binary fission 
B)  diploid; transformation; mitosis 
C)  haploid; transduction; binary fission 
D)  diploid; conjugation; meiosis 
E)  haploid; lateral gene transfer; mitosis 
A)  haploid; lateral gene transfer; binary fission 
B)  diploid; transformation; mitosis 
C)  haploid; transduction; binary fission 
D)  diploid; conjugation; meiosis 
E)  haploid; lateral gene transfer; mitosis

Question 3

You work with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta.You have been called to a remote area of Uganda to study a mysterious disease that is causing respiratory ailments in a small village.You isolate a bacterium from several patients that seems like a good candidate for the pathogen.How can you determine whether this bacterium is causing the illness?

Accepted Answer

Koch's postulates stipulate that for an

Question 4

Which statement about nitrogen metabolism is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Certain prokaryotes reduce atmospheric N2 to ammonia. 
B)  Some nitrifiers are soil bacteria. 
C)  Denitrifiers are obligate anaerobes. 
D)  Nitrifiers obtain energy by oxidizing ammonia and nitrite. 
E)  Without denitrifiers, terrestrial organisms would lack a nitrogen supply. 
A)  Certain prokaryotes reduce atmospheric N2 to ammonia. 
B)  Some nitrifiers are soil bacteria. 
C)  Denitrifiers are obligate anaerobes. 
D)  Nitrifiers obtain energy by oxidizing ammonia and nitrite. 
E)  Without denitrifiers, terrestrial organisms would lack a nitrogen supply.

Question 5

Refer to the figure.   Based on the figure, which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bacteria and Eukarya are both monophyletic groups. 
B)  Eukarya and Archaea together form a paraphyletic group. 
C)  Eukarya and Bacteria together form a monophyletic group. 
D)  Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea together form a paraphyletic group. 
E)  A group consisting of Bacteria and Eukarya is monophyletic. 
A)  Bacteria and Eukarya are both monophyletic groups. 
B)  Eukarya and Archaea together form a paraphyletic group. 
C)  Eukarya and Bacteria together form a monophyletic group. 
D)  Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea together form a paraphyletic group. 
E)  A group consisting of Bacteria and Eukarya is monophyletic.

Question 6

Dormant endospores of a species of _______ produce the disease anthrax.

Accepted Answer

A)  Clostridium 
B)  mycoplasmas 
C)  Mycobacterium 
D)  Bacillus 
E)  Staphylococcus 
A)  Clostridium 
B)  mycoplasmas 
C)  Mycobacterium 
D)  Bacillus 
E)  Staphylococcus

Question 7

Actinobacteria

Accepted Answer

A)  are photoheterotrophs. 
B)  are the source of many important antibiotics. 
C)  are Gram-negative bacteria. 
D)  were once classified as protists. 
E)  are the only bacteria that divide by fission. 
A)  are photoheterotrophs. 
B)  are the source of many important antibiotics. 
C)  are Gram-negative bacteria. 
D)  were once classified as protists. 
E)  are the only bacteria that divide by fission.

Question 8

Why would a physician refuse to prescribe antibiotics for a cold or the flu?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics such as penicillin and ampic

Question 9

Before DNA sequencing became practical, taxonomists based prokaryote classification on observable phenotypic characters.Choose the character least likely to distinguish the spirochetes from other groups of prokaryotes.

Accepted Answer

A)  Shape 
B)  Content of the cell wall 
C)  Pattern of movement 
D)  Presence of motor proteins linking internal flagella to the cell wall 
E)  Presence of an axial filament 
A)  Shape 
B)  Content of the cell wall 
C)  Pattern of movement 
D)  Presence of motor proteins linking internal flagella to the cell wall 
E)  Presence of an axial filament

Question 10

Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, belongs to the group of bacteria known as the _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis,...

Question 11

Cattle depend on prokaryotes to perform important steps in digestion of plant material, such as producing the enzyme

Accepted Answer

A)  amylase. 
B)  cellulase. 
C)  kinase. 
D)  telomerase. 
E)  glyoxalase. 
A)  amylase. 
B)  cellulase. 
C)  kinase. 
D)  telomerase. 
E)  glyoxalase.

Question 12

Lateral gene transfer is a process by which

Accepted Answer

A)  scientists make transgenic organisms. 
B)  organisms within a species exchange genetic information during conjugation. 
C)  organisms acquire DNA from a different species. 
D)  genes are passed to daughter cells. 
E)  genes move within an organism from one region of a chromosome to another. 
A)  scientists make transgenic organisms. 
B)  organisms within a species exchange genetic information during conjugation. 
C)  organisms acquire DNA from a different species. 
D)  genes are passed to daughter cells. 
E)  genes move within an organism from one region of a chromosome to another.

Question 13

Which statement concerning the microbiome on the human body is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most bacterial species are human pathogens. 
B)  Ten percent of cells in the human body are human cells; the rest are microbes (mostly bacteria). 
C)  An increased frequency of autoimmune diseases has been linked to the changing diversity and composition of our microbiomes. 
D)  Microbial communities affect the expression of our genes. 
E)  Human infants largely acquire their original microbiomes at (and shortly after) birth, and these early microbiomes are critical for lifelong health. 
A)  Most bacterial species are human pathogens. 
B)  Ten percent of cells in the human body are human cells; the rest are microbes (mostly bacteria). 
C)  An increased frequency of autoimmune diseases has been linked to the changing diversity and composition of our microbiomes. 
D)  Microbial communities affect the expression of our genes. 
E)  Human infants largely acquire their original microbiomes at (and shortly after) birth, and these early microbiomes are critical for lifelong health.

Question 14

Methanogenic euryarchaeotes are obligate anaerobes, some of which live in the intestinal tracts of mammals and other animals.From this information, one can conclude that the environment in the intestinal tracts

Accepted Answer

A)  is rich in oxygen. 
B)  is rich in sulfur. 
C)  is low in oxygen. 
D)  lacks methane. 
E)  contains termites. 
A)  is rich in oxygen. 
B)  is rich in sulfur. 
C)  is low in oxygen. 
D)  lacks methane. 
E)  contains termites.

Question 15

Choose the most robust method to compellingly differentiate individuals from the two prokaryotic domains.

Accepted Answer

A)  Cellular morphology 
B)  Cell wall composition 
C)  Nutritional requirements 
D)  A single gene sequence 
E)  Multiple gene sequences 
A)  Cellular morphology 
B)  Cell wall composition 
C)  Nutritional requirements 
D)  A single gene sequence 
E)  Multiple gene sequences

Question 16

Which statement about nitrogen metabolism is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The nitrifiers convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia (NH3). 
B)  The nitrifiers return nitrogen to the atmosphere as nitrogen gas (N2). 
C)  The nitrogen fixers convert ammonia to nitrate or nitrite. 
D)  The denitrifiers convert ammonia to nitrate or nitrite. 
E)  The nitrogen fixers convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia (NH3). 
A)  The nitrifiers convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia (NH3). 
B)  The nitrifiers return nitrogen to the atmosphere as nitrogen gas (N2). 
C)  The nitrogen fixers convert ammonia to nitrate or nitrite. 
D)  The denitrifiers convert ammonia to nitrate or nitrite. 
E)  The nitrogen fixers convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia (NH3).

Question 17

Chemoautotrophic bacteria called _______ carry out a two-step process.Two genera, Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus, convert _______, and then Nitrobacter converts _______, which is most usable by plants.

Accepted Answer

A)  nitrogen fixers; ammonia (NH3) to nitrite ions (NO2-); nitrite to nitrate (NO3-) 
B)  denitrifiers; ammonia (NH3) to nitrite ions (NO2-); nitrite to nitrate (NO3-) 
C)  denitrifiers; nitrite to nitrate (NO3-); ammonia (NH3) to nitrite ions (NO2-) 
D)  nitrifiers; nitrite to nitrate (NO3-); ammonia (NH3) to nitrite ions (NO2-) 
E)  nitrifiers; ammonia (NH3) to nitrite ions (NO2-); nitrite to nitrate (NO3-) 
A)  nitrogen fixers; ammonia (NH3) to nitrite ions (NO2-); nitrite to nitrate (NO3-) 
B)  denitrifiers; ammonia (NH3) to nitrite ions (NO2-); nitrite to nitrate (NO3-) 
C)  denitrifiers; nitrite to nitrate (NO3-); ammonia (NH3) to nitrite ions (NO2-) 
D)  nitrifiers; nitrite to nitrate (NO3-); ammonia (NH3) to nitrite ions (NO2-) 
E)  nitrifiers; ammonia (NH3) to nitrite ions (NO2-); nitrite to nitrate (NO3-)

Question 18

Human diseases can be caused by

Accepted Answer

A)  all viral types. 
B)  only DNA viruses. 
C)  only RNA viruses. 
D)  only RNA retroviruses. 
E)  only single-stranded viruses. 
A)  all viral types. 
B)  only DNA viruses. 
C)  only RNA viruses. 
D)  only RNA retroviruses. 
E)  only single-stranded viruses.

Question 19

Which of the following characteristics is not shared by Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya?

Accepted Answer

A)  Semiconservative replication of DNA 
B)  DNA organized within a membrane-bound nucleus 
C)  Ribosomes 
D)  Protein-synthesizing systems 
E)  Glycolysis 
A)  Semiconservative replication of DNA 
B)  DNA organized within a membrane-bound nucleus 
C)  Ribosomes 
D)  Protein-synthesizing systems 
E)  Glycolysis

Question 20

You discover a new prokaryotic organism.What sorts of traits will you look for in order to determine whether it is a bacterial or an archaeal organism? (Assume you cannot sequence the genome but must use other criteria for your initial classification.)

Accepted Answer

A Gram stain would allow you to determin

Exam 25: Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

If you were on a ship and observed bioluminescence in the ocean, what is the most logical conclusion you could draw about the surrounding waters?

Recessive mutations in prokaryotes exert their effects immediately because prokaryotes are effectively _______.Mutations can move quickly through populations of prokaryotes by _______ and _______ of the mutated cell.

Which statement about nitrogen metabolism is false?

Refer to the figure. Based on the figure, which statement is true?

Dormant endospores of a species of _______ produce the disease anthrax.

Actinobacteria

Why would a physician refuse to prescribe antibiotics for a cold or the flu?

Before DNA sequencing became practical, taxonomists based prokaryote classification on observable phenotypic characters.Choose the character least likely to distinguish the spirochetes from other groups of prokaryotes.

Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, belongs to the group of bacteria known as the _______.

Cattle depend on prokaryotes to perform important steps in digestion of plant material, such as producing the enzyme

Lateral gene transfer is a process by which

Which statement concerning the microbiome on the human body is false?

Methanogenic euryarchaeotes are obligate anaerobes, some of which live in the intestinal tracts of mammals and other animals.From this information, one can conclude that the environment in the intestinal tracts

Choose the most robust method to compellingly differentiate individuals from the two prokaryotic domains.

Which statement about nitrogen metabolism is true?

Chemoautotrophic bacteria called _______ carry out a two-step process.Two genera, Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus, convert _______, and then Nitrobacter converts _______, which is most usable by plants.

Human diseases can be caused by

Which of the following characteristics is not shared by Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya?

You discover a new prokaryotic organism.What sorts of traits will you look for in order to determine whether it is a bacterial or an archaeal organism? (Assume you cannot sequence the genome but must use other criteria for your initial classification.)

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

Species Interactions

Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

Filters

Recessive mutations in prokaryotes exert their effects immediately because prokaryotes are effectively ___.Mutations can move quickly through populations of prokaryotes by _ and _____ of the mutated cell.

Chemoautotrophic bacteria called ___ carry out a two-step process.Two genera, Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus, convert _, and then Nitrobacter converts _____, which is most usable by plants.