Question 1

Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with the formation of ATP and NADH.This process requires

Accepted Answer

A)  O2, ATP, and a series of reactions. 
B)  CO2, five enzyme-catalyzed reactions, and glucose to begin the series of reactions. 
C)  pyruvic acid, O2, and enzymes to oxidize glucose inside the mitochondria. 
D)  the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to catalyze the reactions. 
E)  ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions, with each reaction dependent on the products of the previous reaction. 
A)  O2, ATP, and a series of reactions. 
B)  CO2, five enzyme-catalyzed reactions, and glucose to begin the series of reactions. 
C)  pyruvic acid, O2, and enzymes to oxidize glucose inside the mitochondria. 
D)  the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to catalyze the reactions. 
E)  ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions, with each reaction dependent on the products of the previous reaction.

Question 2

The chemiosmotic formation of ATP during the operation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is called _______.

Accepted Answer

oxidative

Question 3

Arsenate is used by phosphate-requiring enzymes as an alternative substrate to phosphate.Arsenate poisoning would have the greatest effect on cellular respiration by inhibiting which enzyme?

Accepted Answer

A)  ATP synthase 
B)  NADH dehydrogenase 
C)  Phosphofructokinase 
D)  Pyruvate decarboxylase 
E)  Citrate synthase 
A)  ATP synthase 
B)  NADH dehydrogenase 
C)  Phosphofructokinase 
D)  Pyruvate decarboxylase 
E)  Citrate synthase

Question 4

Refer to the table summarizing data regarding a common metabolic intermediate produced when three different fuel molecules are catabolized.   The data suggest that _______ are much better sources of energy than either _______ or _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  amino acids; carbohydrates; lipids 
B)  carbohydrates; lipids; amino acids 
C)  lipids; amino acids; carbohydrates 
D)  nucleic acids; carbohydrates; amino acids 
E)  lipids; carbohydrates; nucleic acids 
A)  amino acids; carbohydrates; lipids 
B)  carbohydrates; lipids; amino acids 
C)  lipids; amino acids; carbohydrates 
D)  nucleic acids; carbohydrates; amino acids 
E)  lipids; carbohydrates; nucleic acids

Question 5

Some aerobic bacterial species have respiratory chains with fewer components than those in mammalian respiratory chains.Which other characteristic would you expect to differ between these bacteria and mammalian cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  The mechanism of ATP synthase in forming ATP 
B)  The production of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane 
C)  The arrangement of respiratory proteins in a series to facilitate electron transfer 
D)  The quantity of ATP synthesized per electron passed down the respiratory chain 
E)  The free energy change associated with the oxidation of NADH to NAD+ by oxygen 
A)  The mechanism of ATP synthase in forming ATP 
B)  The production of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane 
C)  The arrangement of respiratory proteins in a series to facilitate electron transfer 
D)  The quantity of ATP synthesized per electron passed down the respiratory chain 
E)  The free energy change associated with the oxidation of NADH to NAD+ by oxygen

Question 6

Refer to the table below, summarizing energy expenditures of various human tissues exposed to different temperatures.   Based on the data and your knowledge of the characteristics of brown adipose tissue, which metabolic process is stimulated in brown adipose tissue but not in other tissues in response to cold?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fatty acid synthesis 
B)  Gluconeogenesis 
C)  Oxidative phosphorylation 
D)  Triglyceride formation 
E)  Glycogen synthesis 
A)  Fatty acid synthesis 
B)  Gluconeogenesis 
C)  Oxidative phosphorylation 
D)  Triglyceride formation 
E)  Glycogen synthesis

Question 7

In the absence of O2, cells capable of fermentation

Accepted Answer

A)  accumulate glucose. 
B)  no longer produce ATP. 
C)  accumulate pyruvate. 
D)  can oxidize FAD. 
E)  can oxidize NADH to produce NAD+. 
A)  accumulate glucose. 
B)  no longer produce ATP. 
C)  accumulate pyruvate. 
D)  can oxidize FAD. 
E)  can oxidize NADH to produce NAD+.

Question 8

Refer to the graph below.   How should the y (vertical) axis be labeled?

Accepted Answer

A)  Diameter of component (picometers) 
B)  Mass of component (kilodaltons) 
C)  Distance from the nucleus (nanometers) 
D)  Free energy relative to O2 (kcal/mole) 
E)  Percent efficiency of electron transfer 
A)  Diameter of component (picometers) 
B)  Mass of component (kilodaltons) 
C)  Distance from the nucleus (nanometers) 
D)  Free energy relative to O2 (kcal/mole) 
E)  Percent efficiency of electron transfer

Question 9

Which statement about the citric acid cycle is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  It releases less energy than glycolysis. 
B)  CO2 is released during operation of the cycle. 
C)  It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. 
D)  It requires NAD+ and FAD. 
E)  It does not operate under anaerobic conditions. 
A)  It releases less energy than glycolysis. 
B)  CO2 is released during operation of the cycle. 
C)  It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. 
D)  It requires NAD+ and FAD. 
E)  It does not operate under anaerobic conditions.

Question 10

Refer to the table, which summarizes the inputs and outputs of glycolysis.   Which group represents the net outputs of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP, 2 ADP, 2 Pi 
B)  4 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 ADP, 2 Pi 
C)  2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 ADP, 2 Pi 
D)  Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP 
E)  Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP 
A)  Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP, 2 ADP, 2 Pi 
B)  4 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 ADP, 2 Pi 
C)  2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 ADP, 2 Pi 
D)  Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP 
E)  Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP

Question 11

Before starch can be used for respiratory ATP production, it must be hydrolyzed to

Accepted Answer

A)  pyruvate. 
B)  fatty acids. 
C)  amino acids. 
D)  glucose. 
E)  oxaloacetate. 
A)  pyruvate. 
B)  fatty acids. 
C)  amino acids. 
D)  glucose. 
E)  oxaloacetate.

Question 12

Overall, four molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysis.However, at the end of glycolysis there are two ATP molecules, two pyruvate molecules, and two NADH molecules present.The ATP numbers do not match because

Accepted Answer

A)  glucose metabolism is inefficient. 
B)  glucose phosphate is formed from fructose phosphate. 
C)  glucose is degraded to CO2. 
D)  two ATP are invested in the process of glycolysis. 
E)  two ATP are used to produce NADH. 
A)  glucose metabolism is inefficient. 
B)  glucose phosphate is formed from fructose phosphate. 
C)  glucose is degraded to CO2. 
D)  two ATP are invested in the process of glycolysis. 
E)  two ATP are used to produce NADH.

Question 13

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi is an _______ reaction.In mitochondria, ATP synthesis is driven by the flow of _______ down a concentration gradient established by _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  endergonic; Na+ ions; electron transport 
B)  exergonic; protons; glycolysis 
C)  endergonic; protons; electron transport 
D)  exergonic; Na+ ions; glycolysis 
E)  endergonic; protons; the citric acid cycle 
A)  endergonic; Na+ ions; electron transport 
B)  exergonic; protons; glycolysis 
C)  endergonic; protons; electron transport 
D)  exergonic; Na+ ions; glycolysis 
E)  endergonic; protons; the citric acid cycle

Question 14

During cellular respiration, H2O is produced as a result of the

Accepted Answer

A)  combining of CO2 with protons. 
B)  conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. 
C)  degradation of glucose to pyruvate. 
D)  reduction of O2 at the end of the electron transport chain. 
E)  chemiosmosis process. 
A)  combining of CO2 with protons. 
B)  conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. 
C)  degradation of glucose to pyruvate. 
D)  reduction of O2 at the end of the electron transport chain. 
E)  chemiosmosis process.

Question 15

When acetyl CoA builds up in the cell, it increases the activity of the enzyme that synthesizes oxaloacetate from pyruvate and CO2.In this case, acetyl CoA is acting as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  electron carrier. 
B)  substrate. 
C)  allosteric activator. 
D)  acetate donor. 
E)  proton pump. 
A)  electron carrier. 
B)  substrate. 
C)  allosteric activator. 
D)  acetate donor. 
E)  proton pump.

Question 16

Cyanide inhibits the enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain that reduces O2 to water.Suppose you added cyanide to a suspension of muscle cells from a rat.Which statement is accurate with respect to the effects of cyanide on glucose catabolism?

Accepted Answer

A)  The citric acid cycle and glycolysis would be inhibited. 
B)  The citric acid cycle would be inhibited, but glycolysis would not and so pyruvate would accumulate. 
C)  Both the citric acid cycle and glycolysis would be stimulated. 
D)  The citric acid cycle would be inhibited, but glycolysis would not and so lactic acid would accumulate. 
E)  The citric acid cycle would not be inhibited, but glycolysis would. 
A)  The citric acid cycle and glycolysis would be inhibited. 
B)  The citric acid cycle would be inhibited, but glycolysis would not and so pyruvate would accumulate. 
C)  Both the citric acid cycle and glycolysis would be stimulated. 
D)  The citric acid cycle would be inhibited, but glycolysis would not and so lactic acid would accumulate. 
E)  The citric acid cycle would not be inhibited, but glycolysis would.

Question 17

Overall, the _______ within each complex of the respiratory chain decreases as electrons move from the first to the last complex.

Accepted Answer

A)  number of proteins 
B)  efficiency of electron transfer 
C)  level of entropy 
D)  standard free energy 
E)  degree of oxidation 
A)  number of proteins 
B)  efficiency of electron transfer 
C)  level of entropy 
D)  standard free energy 
E)  degree of oxidation

Question 18

Which process occurs when O2 is unavailable to a cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pyruvate oxidation 
B)  The citric acid cycle 
C)  Fermentation 
D)  Formation of H2O by the electron transport chain 
E)  Oxidative phosphorylation 
A)  Pyruvate oxidation 
B)  The citric acid cycle 
C)  Fermentation 
D)  Formation of H2O by the electron transport chain 
E)  Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 19

Refer to the figure below, illustrating how two redox reactions are coupled in an energy-harvesting pathway in a cell.   Which molecules could serve as compounds X and Y, respectively?

Accepted Answer

A)  ADP and ATP 
B)  ATP and ADP 
C)  FADH2 and FAD 
D)  NAD+ and NADH 
E)  NADH and NAD+ 
A)  ADP and ATP 
B)  ATP and ADP 
C)  FADH2 and FAD 
D)  NAD+ and NADH 
E)  NADH and NAD+

Question 20

In all cells, glucose catabolism begins with

Accepted Answer

A)  glycolysis. 
B)  fermentation. 
C)  pyruvate oxidation. 
D)  the citric acid cycle. 
E)  chemiosmosis. 
A)  glycolysis. 
B)  fermentation. 
C)  pyruvate oxidation. 
D)  the citric acid cycle. 
E)  chemiosmosis.

Exam 9: Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with the formation of ATP and NADH.This process requires

The chemiosmotic formation of ATP during the operation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is called _______.

Arsenate is used by phosphate-requiring enzymes as an alternative substrate to phosphate.Arsenate poisoning would have the greatest effect on cellular respiration by inhibiting which enzyme?

Refer to the table summarizing data regarding a common metabolic intermediate produced when three different fuel molecules are catabolized. The data suggest that _______ are much better sources of energy than either _______ or _______.

Some aerobic bacterial species have respiratory chains with fewer components than those in mammalian respiratory chains.Which other characteristic would you expect to differ between these bacteria and mammalian cells?

In the absence of O2, cells capable of fermentation

Refer to the graph below. How should the y (vertical) axis be labeled?

Which statement about the citric acid cycle is false?

Refer to the table, which summarizes the inputs and outputs of glycolysis. Which group represents the net outputs of glycolysis?

Before starch can be used for respiratory ATP production, it must be hydrolyzed to

Overall, four molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysis.However, at the end of glycolysis there are two ATP molecules, two pyruvate molecules, and two NADH molecules present.The ATP numbers do not match because

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi is an _______ reaction.In mitochondria, ATP synthesis is driven by the flow of _______ down a concentration gradient established by _______.

During cellular respiration, H2O is produced as a result of the

When acetyl CoA builds up in the cell, it increases the activity of the enzyme that synthesizes oxaloacetate from pyruvate and CO2.In this case, acetyl CoA is acting as a(n)

Cyanide inhibits the enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain that reduces O2 to water.Suppose you added cyanide to a suspension of muscle cells from a rat.Which statement is accurate with respect to the effects of cyanide on glucose catabolism?

Overall, the _______ within each complex of the respiratory chain decreases as electrons move from the first to the last complex.

Which process occurs when O2 is unavailable to a cell?

Refer to the figure below, illustrating how two redox reactions are coupled in an energy-harvesting pathway in a cell. Which molecules could serve as compounds X and Y, respectively?

In all cells, glucose catabolism begins with

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Refer to the table summarizing data regarding a common metabolic intermediate produced when three different fuel molecules are catabolized. The data suggest that ___ are much better sources of energy than either _ or _____.

In the absence of O₂, cells capable of fermentation

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and P_i is an ___ reaction.In mitochondria, ATP synthesis is driven by the flow of _ down a concentration gradient established by _____.

During cellular respiration, H₂O is produced as a result of the

When acetyl CoA builds up in the cell, it increases the activity of the enzyme that synthesizes oxaloacetate from pyruvate and CO₂.In this case, acetyl CoA is acting as a(n)

Cyanide inhibits the enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain that reduces O₂ to water.Suppose you added cyanide to a suspension of muscle cells from a rat.Which statement is accurate with respect to the effects of cyanide on glucose catabolism?

Which process occurs when O₂ is unavailable to a cell?