Question 1

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the reactant that becomes oxidized is called a(n) _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the reactant that...

Question 2

The enzyme-catalyzed transfer of phosphate groups to ADP molecules to form ATP is called _______.

Accepted Answer

substrate-

Question 3

An electron enters the _______ to form H2O from O2 and drive protons, against their concentration gradient, across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Accepted Answer

electron t

Question 4

Refer to the diagram below, showing allosteric regulation of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.   If excessive ATP begins to accumulate, which enzymes will be inhibited?

Accepted Answer

Phosphofructokinase,

Question 5

In the first reaction of glycolysis, glucose receives a phosphate group from ATP.This reaction is

Accepted Answer

A)  respiration. 
B)  a redox reaction. 
C)  exergonic. 
D)  endergonic. 
E)  fermentation. 
A)  respiration. 
B)  a redox reaction. 
C)  exergonic. 
D)  endergonic. 
E)  fermentation.

Question 6

Which process converts glucose to pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP but no CO2?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pyruvate oxidation 
B)  Glycolysis 
C)  The citric acid cycle 
D)  The respiratory chain 
E)  Gluconeogenesis 
A)  Pyruvate oxidation 
B)  Glycolysis 
C)  The citric acid cycle 
D)  The respiratory chain 
E)  Gluconeogenesis

Question 7

If an experiment based on the ones using thylakoids from chloroplasts were carried out, which thylakoids would produce the most ATP?

Accepted Answer

A)  Thylakoids preincubated in a pH 7.5 solution and then moved to a pH 4 solution containing ADP and Pi 
B)  Thylakoids preincubated in a pH 4 solution and then moved to a pH 7.5 solution containing ADP and Pi 
C)  Thylakoids preincubated in a pH 8 solution and then moved to a pH 3 solution containing ADP 
D)  Thylakoids preincubated in a pH 3 solution and then moved to a pH 8 solution containing ADP 
E)  Thylakoids preincubated in a pH 4 solution and then moved to a pH 7.5 solution with no other additions 
A)  Thylakoids preincubated in a pH 7.5 solution and then moved to a pH 4 solution containing ADP and Pi 
B)  Thylakoids preincubated in a pH 4 solution and then moved to a pH 7.5 solution containing ADP and Pi 
C)  Thylakoids preincubated in a pH 8 solution and then moved to a pH 3 solution containing ADP 
D)  Thylakoids preincubated in a pH 3 solution and then moved to a pH 8 solution containing ADP 
E)  Thylakoids preincubated in a pH 4 solution and then moved to a pH 7.5 solution with no other additions

Question 8

Refer to the table below, showing ATP yield from cellular respiration in two different microorganisms.Yield is defined as the net number of molecules of ATP formed for every glucose molecule oxidized.   Which statement provides a possible explanation for why the yields differ?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is more opportunity for ATP to hydrolyze spontaneously before it can be used in the eukaryotic cell than in the prokaryotic cell. 
B)  The prokaryote has fewer respiratory proteins in its electron transport chain than the eukaryote. 
C)  NADH produced via glycolysis must be shuttled across the mitochondrial membrane in the eukaryote but not in the prokaryote. 
D)  Some ATP is used in the beginning steps of glycolysis in the eukaryote but not in the prokaryote. 
E)  The prokaryote has the capability of switching from aerobic to anaerobic respiration whereas the eukaryote does not. 
A)  There is more opportunity for ATP to hydrolyze spontaneously before it can be used in the eukaryotic cell than in the prokaryotic cell. 
B)  The prokaryote has fewer respiratory proteins in its electron transport chain than the eukaryote. 
C)  NADH produced via glycolysis must be shuttled across the mitochondrial membrane in the eukaryote but not in the prokaryote. 
D)  Some ATP is used in the beginning steps of glycolysis in the eukaryote but not in the prokaryote. 
E)  The prokaryote has the capability of switching from aerobic to anaerobic respiration whereas the eukaryote does not.

Question 9

Refer to the figure below, which provides information about the series of oxidation-reduction reactions that take place via the respiratory chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane.   Which statement about the respiratory chain explains the biological importance of the information portrayed in the graph?

Accepted Answer

A)  The extensive folding of the inner mitochondrial membrane provides the space needed to accommodate the large number of proteins making up the respiratory chain. 
B)  Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the respiratory chain, forming water as a result of its acceptance of electrons that have passed down the chain. 
C)  With each oxidation-reduction step in the respiratory chain, an electron loses free energy that is captured in a form that the cell can use to perform biological work. 
D)  NADH and FADH2 pass their electrons to different carriers in the respiratory chain. 
E)  The components of the respiratory chain are physically arranged within the mitochondrial membrane in the order of transfer of electrons down the chain. 
A)  The extensive folding of the inner mitochondrial membrane provides the space needed to accommodate the large number of proteins making up the respiratory chain. 
B)  Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the respiratory chain, forming water as a result of its acceptance of electrons that have passed down the chain. 
C)  With each oxidation-reduction step in the respiratory chain, an electron loses free energy that is captured in a form that the cell can use to perform biological work. 
D)  NADH and FADH2 pass their electrons to different carriers in the respiratory chain. 
E)  The components of the respiratory chain are physically arranged within the mitochondrial membrane in the order of transfer of electrons down the chain.

Question 10

In yeast, if the citric acid cycle is shut down because of a lack of O2, glycolysis will

Accepted Answer

A)  shut down. 
B)  not be affected. 
C)  produce more ATP per mole of glucose. 
D)  produce more NADH per mole of glucose. 
E)  produce acetyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis. 
A)  shut down. 
B)  not be affected. 
C)  produce more ATP per mole of glucose. 
D)  produce more NADH per mole of glucose. 
E)  produce acetyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis.

Question 11

The complete oxidation of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and water requires molecules that shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain.Those molecules are

Accepted Answer

A)  NADH and NAD+. 
B)  O2 and NAD+. 
C)  H2O, FADH2, and NADH. 
D)  FAD and NAD+. 
E)  O2, FAD, and NAD+. 
A)  NADH and NAD+. 
B)  O2 and NAD+. 
C)  H2O, FADH2, and NADH. 
D)  FAD and NAD+. 
E)  O2, FAD, and NAD+.

Question 12

_______ takes place in the cytosol and involves ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions in nonplant cells that begin the catabolism of glucose.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ takes place in the cytosol and...

Question 13

In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, hydrogen atoms are transferred to NAD+.The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  endergonic reaction. 
B)  allosteric reaction. 
C)  metabolic pathway. 
D)  reduction reaction. 
E)  redox reaction. 
A)  endergonic reaction. 
B)  allosteric reaction. 
C)  metabolic pathway. 
D)  reduction reaction. 
E)  redox reaction.

Question 14

If 0.5 mole of glucose is oxidized by lactic acid fermentation, the amount of ATP generated in the cytosol will be

Accepted Answer

A)  0.1 mole. 
B)  0.5 mole. 
C)  1.0 mole. 
D)  2.0 moles. 
E)  5.0 moles. 
A)  0.1 mole. 
B)  0.5 mole. 
C)  1.0 mole. 
D)  2.0 moles. 
E)  5.0 moles.

Question 15

Refer to the diagram below, showing allosteric regulation of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.   If excessive citrate begins to accumulate in a cell, which process(es) and which enzyme(s) will be inhibited?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis

Question 16

Refer to the figure below.   In the reaction shown, NAD+ helps harvest energy from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by functioning as an electron _______.

Accepted Answer

Question 17

ATP is produced by which enzymatic complex?

Accepted Answer

A)  NADH-Q 
B)  Ubiquinone (Q) 
C)  ATP synthase 
D)  Succinate dehydrogenase 
E)  Cytochrome c reductase 
A)  NADH-Q 
B)  Ubiquinone (Q) 
C)  ATP synthase 
D)  Succinate dehydrogenase 
E)  Cytochrome c reductase

Question 18

Which class of molecules is derived from intermediates in the citric acid cycle?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pyrimidines 
B)  Glycerol 
C)  Fatty acids 
D)  Starch 
E)  Triglycerides 
A)  Pyrimidines 
B)  Glycerol 
C)  Fatty acids 
D)  Starch 
E)  Triglycerides

Question 19

Increasing the body's brown fat could be a weight loss method because brown fat mitochondria waste energy instead of creating usable energy.What is the mechanism for this waste in brown fat?

Accepted Answer

A)  UCP1 in brown fat uncouples the electron transport chain from ATP synthesis. 
B)  Brown fat bypasses the process of glycolysis. 
C)  Brown fat is less efficient than white fat and causes shivering. 
D)  Hydrogen ions leak across the cell's plasma membrane in white fat. 
E)  Cytochrome reductase activity decreases in brown fat in response to respiration. 
A)  UCP1 in brown fat uncouples the electron transport chain from ATP synthesis. 
B)  Brown fat bypasses the process of glycolysis. 
C)  Brown fat is less efficient than white fat and causes shivering. 
D)  Hydrogen ions leak across the cell's plasma membrane in white fat. 
E)  Cytochrome reductase activity decreases in brown fat in response to respiration.

Question 20

The rise of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere due to the evolution of photosynthesis was followed by the development of efficient energy harvesting by cells.Explain what this statement means and why oxygen had this effect on organism evolution.

Accepted Answer

Before oxygen was available in the atmos

Exam 9: Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the reactant that becomes oxidized is called a(n) _______.

The enzyme-catalyzed transfer of phosphate groups to ADP molecules to form ATP is called _______.

An electron enters the _______ to form H2O from O2 and drive protons, against their concentration gradient, across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Refer to the diagram below, showing allosteric regulation of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. If excessive ATP begins to accumulate, which enzymes will be inhibited?

In the first reaction of glycolysis, glucose receives a phosphate group from ATP.This reaction is

Which process converts glucose to pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP but no CO2?

If an experiment based on the ones using thylakoids from chloroplasts were carried out, which thylakoids would produce the most ATP?

Refer to the table below, showing ATP yield from cellular respiration in two different microorganisms.Yield is defined as the net number of molecules of ATP formed for every glucose molecule oxidized. Which statement provides a possible explanation for why the yields differ?

In yeast, if the citric acid cycle is shut down because of a lack of O2, glycolysis will

The complete oxidation of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and water requires molecules that shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain.Those molecules are

_______ takes place in the cytosol and involves ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions in nonplant cells that begin the catabolism of glucose.

In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, hydrogen atoms are transferred to NAD+.The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is an example of a(n)

If 0.5 mole of glucose is oxidized by lactic acid fermentation, the amount of ATP generated in the cytosol will be

Refer to the diagram below, showing allosteric regulation of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. If excessive citrate begins to accumulate in a cell, which process(es) and which enzyme(s) will be inhibited?

Refer to the figure below. In the reaction shown, NAD+ helps harvest energy from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by functioning as an electron _______.

ATP is produced by which enzymatic complex?

Which class of molecules is derived from intermediates in the citric acid cycle?

Increasing the body's brown fat could be a weight loss method because brown fat mitochondria waste energy instead of creating usable energy.What is the mechanism for this waste in brown fat?

The rise of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere due to the evolution of photosynthesis was followed by the development of efficient energy harvesting by cells.Explain what this statement means and why oxygen had this effect on organism evolution.

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

Species Interactions

Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

Filters

An electron enters the _______ to form H₂O from O₂ and drive protons, against their concentration gradient, across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Which process converts glucose to pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP but no CO₂?

In yeast, if the citric acid cycle is shut down because of a lack of O₂, glycolysis will

In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, hydrogen atoms are transferred to NAD⁺.The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is an example of a(n)

Refer to the figure below. In the reaction shown, NAD⁺ helps harvest energy from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by functioning as an electron _______.