Question 1

Refer to the figure below.   Of the compounds shown, which is the most oxidized, and which is the most reduced?

Accepted Answer

A)  L is the most oxidized, and N is the most reduced. 
B)  N is the most oxidized, and O is the most reduced. 
C)  M is the most oxidized, and N is the most reduced. 
D)  O is the most oxidized, and M is the most reduced. 
E)  M is the most oxidized, and P is the most reduced. 
A)  L is the most oxidized, and N is the most reduced. 
B)  N is the most oxidized, and O is the most reduced. 
C)  M is the most oxidized, and N is the most reduced. 
D)  O is the most oxidized, and M is the most reduced. 
E)  M is the most oxidized, and P is the most reduced.

Question 2

Refer to the table below.   The table summarizes the products (in moles) of the complete oxidation of 1 mole of glucose and the complete oxidation of 1 mole of lauric acid, a fatty acid.Use this information to determine how energy production will compare when an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide is produced from oxidation events involving these two molecules.

Accepted Answer

A)  The energy production will be equal for equal quantities of CO2 production by these two molecules. 
B)  The energy production by lauric acid oxidation will be greater by 10 ATP when the two molecules are fully oxidized to produce equal quantities of CO2. 
C)  The energy production by glucose oxidation will be greater by 10 ATP when the two molecules are fully oxidized to produce equal quantities of CO2. 
D)  The energy production by lauric acid oxidation will be greater by 14 ATP when the two molecules are fully oxidized to produce equal quantities of CO2. 
E)  The energy production by glucose oxidation will be greater by 14 ATP when the two molecules are fully oxidized to produce equal quantities of CO2. 
A)  The energy production will be equal for equal quantities of CO2 production by these two molecules. 
B)  The energy production by lauric acid oxidation will be greater by 10 ATP when the two molecules are fully oxidized to produce equal quantities of CO2. 
C)  The energy production by glucose oxidation will be greater by 10 ATP when the two molecules are fully oxidized to produce equal quantities of CO2. 
D)  The energy production by lauric acid oxidation will be greater by 14 ATP when the two molecules are fully oxidized to produce equal quantities of CO2. 
E)  The energy production by glucose oxidation will be greater by 14 ATP when the two molecules are fully oxidized to produce equal quantities of CO2.

Question 3

Oxygen is used by

Accepted Answer

A)  glycolysis. 
B)  the citric acid cycle. 
C)  the respiratory electron transport chain. 
D)  substrate-level phosphorylation. 
E)  ATP synthase. 
A)  glycolysis. 
B)  the citric acid cycle. 
C)  the respiratory electron transport chain. 
D)  substrate-level phosphorylation. 
E)  ATP synthase.

Question 4

During alcoholic fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH by the reduction of acetaldehyde to _______.

Accepted Answer

Question 5

Life in its earliest stages was very simple, and bacteria were the dominant life form.However, things changed about 2.3 billion years ago that allowed many new life forms to evolve and multicellularity to emerge.These changes were due to the rise in _______ levels in the atmosphere.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Life in its earliest stages was very...

Question 6

Malate dehydrogenase is responsible for catalyzing which reaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate 
B)  Reduction of malate to oxaloacetate 
C)  Oxidation of NADH to NAD+ 
D)  Substrate phosphorylation of ADP to ATP 
E)  Decarboxylation of a five-carbon molecule to a four-carbon molecule 
A)  Oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate 
B)  Reduction of malate to oxaloacetate 
C)  Oxidation of NADH to NAD+ 
D)  Substrate phosphorylation of ADP to ATP 
E)  Decarboxylation of a five-carbon molecule to a four-carbon molecule

Question 7

Pyruvate oxidation generates

Accepted Answer

A)  acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide. 
B)  lactic acid and NADH. 
C)  ethanol and carbon dioxide. 
D)  citrate and ATP. 
E)  amino acids and ATP. 
A)  acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide. 
B)  lactic acid and NADH. 
C)  ethanol and carbon dioxide. 
D)  citrate and ATP. 
E)  amino acids and ATP.

Question 8

Refer to the table showing an accounting of ATP yield from different metabolic processes in a mouse cell.Yield is defined as the net number of molecules of ATP formed for every glucose molecule oxidized.   Which statement explains why the two sets of values differ?

Accepted Answer

A)  Some ATP is used in the beginning steps of glycolysis. 
B)  Glycolysis is a less efficient process than either pyruvate oxidation or the citric acid cycle. 
C)  Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle can only proceed when oxygen is present, whereas glycolysis is not dependent on oxygen. 
D)  NADH produced via glycolysis must be shuttled across the mitochondrial membrane through a process that converts each NADH to FADH2. 
E)  Because glycolysis is the first step in the overall oxidation of glucose, there is more opportunity for ATP to hydrolyze spontaneously in the cell before it can be used. 
A)  Some ATP is used in the beginning steps of glycolysis. 
B)  Glycolysis is a less efficient process than either pyruvate oxidation or the citric acid cycle. 
C)  Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle can only proceed when oxygen is present, whereas glycolysis is not dependent on oxygen. 
D)  NADH produced via glycolysis must be shuttled across the mitochondrial membrane through a process that converts each NADH to FADH2. 
E)  Because glycolysis is the first step in the overall oxidation of glucose, there is more opportunity for ATP to hydrolyze spontaneously in the cell before it can be used.

Question 9

Atoms in triglycerides could be used in the synthesis of DNA.Which metabolic intermediate and pathway will function as crossover points between triglycerides and DNA?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle 
B)  Polysaccharides and glycolysis 
C)  Pyruvate and the citric acid cycle 
D)  Acetyl CoA and glycolysis 
E)  Amino acids and electron transport 
A)  Acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle 
B)  Polysaccharides and glycolysis 
C)  Pyruvate and the citric acid cycle 
D)  Acetyl CoA and glycolysis 
E)  Amino acids and electron transport

Question 10

Examine the figure below, then answer the questions that follow.
a. Which is the oxidizing agent, and which is the reducing agent?
b. At the end of the reaction, which compound is oxidized and which is reduced?
c. If this figure represents the metabolism of glucose, which letter represents glucose? Which letter represents O2?

Accepted Answer

a) The reducing agent is A and the oxidi

Question 11

Oxidation and _______ always occur together.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Oxidation and _______ always occur together....

Question 12

How many moles of high-energy phosphates are generated in converting 1 mole of glucose to lactate?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  36 
A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  36

Question 13

Refer to the graphs below, illustrating the free energy changes that occur during reactions in which glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.   Identify which graph corresponds to the laboratory oxidation of glucose and which corresponds to cellular oxidation of glucose.Explain how the overall free energy change compares in these two reactions and why.Also compare the form that the released energy takes in these two reactions.

Accepted Answer

Graph 1 represents glucose oxidation in

Question 14

Organisms regulate certain metabolic enzymes in cells in order to maintain

Accepted Answer

A)  a high level of catabolism. 
B)  a balance between catabolism and anabolism. 
C)  a high level of anabolism. 
D)  the biggest difference between catabolism and anabolism. 
E)  a constant enzymatic rate. 
A)  a high level of catabolism. 
B)  a balance between catabolism and anabolism. 
C)  a high level of anabolism. 
D)  the biggest difference between catabolism and anabolism. 
E)  a constant enzymatic rate.

Question 15

Refer to the figure below.   Some of the chemical energy present in pyruvate is harvested during an oxidation-reduction process taking place in the multistep reaction shown in the figure.In which molecule is this harvested chemical energy stored?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pyruvate 
B)  NAD+ 
C)  NADH 
D)  CO2 
E)  Coenzyme A 
A)  Pyruvate 
B)  NAD+ 
C)  NADH 
D)  CO2 
E)  Coenzyme A

Question 16

Catabolic interconversion is a metabolic pathway in which

Accepted Answer

A)  many small molecules are combined into larger molecules and a pathway that requires energy. 
B)  large molecules are built up into even larger molecules and a pathway that requires energy. 
C)  a large molecule is broken down into its constituent molecules and releases energy. 
D)  small molecules are broken down into CO2 and water molecules and release energy. 
E)  a citric acid intermediate is a starting point. 
A)  many small molecules are combined into larger molecules and a pathway that requires energy. 
B)  large molecules are built up into even larger molecules and a pathway that requires energy. 
C)  a large molecule is broken down into its constituent molecules and releases energy. 
D)  small molecules are broken down into CO2 and water molecules and release energy. 
E)  a citric acid intermediate is a starting point.

Question 17

Refer to the figure below.   This figure illustrates how two oxidation-reduction reactions are coupled with electrons moving from one compound through another via the coenzyme _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the figure below.  ...

Question 18

Which component of the respiratory chain is a peripheral protein?

Accepted Answer

A)  Complex I 
B)  Complex II 
C)  Complex III 
D)  Complex IV 
E)  Cytochrome c 
A)  Complex I 
B)  Complex II 
C)  Complex III 
D)  Complex IV 
E)  Cytochrome c

Question 19

Absence of _______ would disrupt the citric acid cycle but not glycolysis.

Accepted Answer

A)  ADP 
B)  NAD+ 
C)  FAD 
D)  CO2 
E)  ATP 
A)  ADP 
B)  NAD+ 
C)  FAD 
D)  CO2 
E)  ATP

Question 20

Which statement about the respiratory electron transport chain is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Electrons are received from NADH only. 
B)  Electrons are passed from donor to recipient carrier molecules in a series of oxidation-reduction reactions. 
C)  The terminal electron acceptor is usually H2O. 
D)  Most of the respiratory proteins are in the cytosol. 
E)  Energy must be added to move electrons from one electron carrier to the next. 
A)  Electrons are received from NADH only. 
B)  Electrons are passed from donor to recipient carrier molecules in a series of oxidation-reduction reactions. 
C)  The terminal electron acceptor is usually H2O. 
D)  Most of the respiratory proteins are in the cytosol. 
E)  Energy must be added to move electrons from one electron carrier to the next.

Exam 9: Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Refer to the figure below. Of the compounds shown, which is the most oxidized, and which is the most reduced?

Oxygen is used by

During alcoholic fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH by the reduction of acetaldehyde to _______.

Life in its earliest stages was very simple, and bacteria were the dominant life form.However, things changed about 2.3 billion years ago that allowed many new life forms to evolve and multicellularity to emerge.These changes were due to the rise in _______ levels in the atmosphere.

Malate dehydrogenase is responsible for catalyzing which reaction?

Pyruvate oxidation generates

Refer to the table showing an accounting of ATP yield from different metabolic processes in a mouse cell.Yield is defined as the net number of molecules of ATP formed for every glucose molecule oxidized. Which statement explains why the two sets of values differ?

Atoms in triglycerides could be used in the synthesis of DNA.Which metabolic intermediate and pathway will function as crossover points between triglycerides and DNA?

Oxidation and _______ always occur together.

How many moles of high-energy phosphates are generated in converting 1 mole of glucose to lactate?

Organisms regulate certain metabolic enzymes in cells in order to maintain

Refer to the figure below. Some of the chemical energy present in pyruvate is harvested during an oxidation-reduction process taking place in the multistep reaction shown in the figure.In which molecule is this harvested chemical energy stored?

Catabolic interconversion is a metabolic pathway in which

Refer to the figure below. This figure illustrates how two oxidation-reduction reactions are coupled with electrons moving from one compound through another via the coenzyme _______.

Which component of the respiratory chain is a peripheral protein?

Absence of _______ would disrupt the citric acid cycle but not glycolysis.

Which statement about the respiratory electron transport chain is true?

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

Species Interactions

Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

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During alcoholic fermentation, NAD⁺ is regenerated from NADH by the reduction of acetaldehyde to _______.