Exam 9: Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

The graph represents data collected by researchers interested in observing how diet affects cell metabolism.In the investigation, mice were grouped into control (C) and experimental (E) groups according to diet. Control mice were fed normal mouse chow that has a mix of carbohydrate, protein, and fat.Experimental mice were fed chow made up of equal parts of protein and fat, with very little carbohydrate.After 8 weeks, samples of liver tissue were analyzed in various ways.In one assay, the expression of mRNA transcripts of the gene for fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP mRNA) was quantified.FBP is important in the gluconeogenesis pathway and catalyzes the conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate.The graph represents the results of this analysis.Explain what the data indicate about metabolic regulation in the liver when intake of carbohydrates is very low.

The respiratory electron transport chain

Refer to the table below. A student made this table as a study guide for learning the various catabolic pathways that cells use for harvesting energy from glucose.Which statement best evaluates the accuracy of the student's efforts?

The drug 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) destroys the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.What would be the effect of incubating isolated mitochondria in a solution of DNP?

Refer to the reaction below. This reaction occurs in several steps in the mitochondria of a cell and is responsible for the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.The sign needed to fill in the blank above is _______.

For glycolysis to continue, cells require

Oxidative phosphorylation has two major components: _______ and _______.

Which statement about metabolic pathways is false?

The difference between oxidation and reduction is that

Which pathways are found in the mitochondrial matrix?

Refer to the figure below. The figure illustrates how the F₁ subunit _______ as protons move from high to low concentration through the channel formed by the F₀ subunit.

Some poisons are compounds that interfere with metabolic pathways.Which poison would interfere with the citric acid cycle but not affect glycolysis?

ATP molecules are important in metabolism because ATP can

Fermentation is an important process that allows organisms growing in anaerobic environments to harvest energy from glucose.Which statement about fermentation explains one other reason why fermentation is important to anaerobic organisms?

Which statement could be used as part of a description of how carbohydrate, lipid, and protein are linked through catabolic and anabolic pathways?

How many enzymatic steps are involved in glycolysis in animals?

Refer to the figure showing how cells in different organs of the body respond during intense exercise. Which statement explains how cell metabolism in these organs will shift when the woman in the photo stops running and enters a period of rest?

The cell harvests a very large amount of free energy from glucose in the form of ATP.Which statement can be used as part of an explanation about how the cell accomplishes this harvesting process with high efficiency (i.e., with very little loss in energy as heat)?

Regardless of the electron or hydrogen acceptor employed, fermentation always produces

A chemical reaction resulting in the transfer of electrons or hydrogen atoms from one molecule to another is called a(n) _______ reaction.