Question 1

Using the symbols to represent positive (+), negative (-), and neutral (0), which correctly represents interactions between species one and species two, respectively?

Accepted Answer

A)  mutualism - -, competition + -, predation + 0, commensalism 0 -, amensalism + + 
B)  mutualism + -, competition + 0, predation 0 -, commensalism + +, amensalism - - 
C)  mutualism + +, competition - -, predation + -, commensalism + 0, amensalism - 0 
D)  mutualism + 0, competition 0 -, predation + +, commensalism - -, amensalism + - 
E)  mutualism + -, competition 0 +, predation - -, commensalism + +, amensalism 0 - 
A)  mutualism - -, competition + -, predation + 0, commensalism 0 -, amensalism + + 
B)  mutualism + -, competition + 0, predation 0 -, commensalism + +, amensalism - - 
C)  mutualism + +, competition - -, predation + -, commensalism + 0, amensalism - 0 
D)  mutualism + 0, competition 0 -, predation + +, commensalism - -, amensalism + - 
E)  mutualism + -, competition 0 +, predation - -, commensalism + +, amensalism 0 -

Question 2

The actions of a frugivore become part of a mutualistic interaction only when the frugivore

Accepted Answer

A)  eats a ripened fruit. 
B)  eats an unripened fruit. 
C)  breaks down the seeds in its digestive tract. 
D)  deposits the seeds at a distance from the plant. 
E)  deposits the seeds in a site where they can germinate. 
A)  eats a ripened fruit. 
B)  eats an unripened fruit. 
C)  breaks down the seeds in its digestive tract. 
D)  deposits the seeds at a distance from the plant. 
E)  deposits the seeds in a site where they can germinate.

Question 3

A wild mouse population has coexisted for millions of years with Toxoplasma parasites.However, during a recent year, the mouse population was almost decimated by a Toxoplasma infection.What factor most likely explains this sudden change in the pattern of coexistence?

Accepted Answer

A)  A new, more virulent strain of Toxoplasma emerged. 
B)  The existing Toxoplasma strain became more virulent. 
C)  The existing Toxoplasma strain began to reproduce more rapidly. 
D)  The mouse population became more susceptible to the original Toxoplasma parasite. 
E)  The mouse population became less susceptible to the original Toxoplasma parasite. 
A)  A new, more virulent strain of Toxoplasma emerged. 
B)  The existing Toxoplasma strain became more virulent. 
C)  The existing Toxoplasma strain began to reproduce more rapidly. 
D)  The mouse population became more susceptible to the original Toxoplasma parasite. 
E)  The mouse population became less susceptible to the original Toxoplasma parasite.

Question 4

Grasshoppers feed on many different plants and will consume all parts of the plant, while apple borers feed only on apples.This difference in feeding habits suggests that the grasshopper is a generalist herbivore, while the apple borer is a(n) _______ herbivore.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Grasshoppers feed on many different plants and...

Question 5

Which of these responses to predation could best be described as Batesian mimicry?

Accepted Answer

A)  A killdeer distracting a predator by feigning a broken wing 
B)  A porcupine combining warning coloration with sharp spines 
C)  Octopuses distracting predators by releasing a mixture of chemicals that mimic food 
D)  A dozen species of South American butterflies, all unpalatable, having similar color patterns 
E)  Viceroy butterflies, which are palatable, having color patterns similar to unpalatable monarchs 
A)  A killdeer distracting a predator by feigning a broken wing 
B)  A porcupine combining warning coloration with sharp spines 
C)  Octopuses distracting predators by releasing a mixture of chemicals that mimic food 
D)  A dozen species of South American butterflies, all unpalatable, having similar color patterns 
E)  Viceroy butterflies, which are palatable, having color patterns similar to unpalatable monarchs

Question 6

A mutualistic relationship will most likely lead to reciprocal adaptations when

Accepted Answer

A)  the mutualism is asymmetrical. 
B)  one partner is an animal and the other is a plant. 
C)  both partners are plants. 
D)  both partners are animals. 
E)  increased benefits are gained by greater dependence on the partner. 
A)  the mutualism is asymmetrical. 
B)  one partner is an animal and the other is a plant. 
C)  both partners are plants. 
D)  both partners are animals. 
E)  increased benefits are gained by greater dependence on the partner.

Question 7

Some nontoxic female swallowtail butterflies resemble other butterfly species that are toxic.This phenomenon is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  character displacement. 
B)  Müllerian mimicry. 
C)  Batesian mimicry. 
D)  coevolution. 
E)  crypsis. 
A)  character displacement. 
B)  Müllerian mimicry. 
C)  Batesian mimicry. 
D)  coevolution. 
E)  crypsis.

Question 8

Which situation is most likely to result in the process of coevolution?

Accepted Answer

A)  One species in a mild environment where the climate is stable and warm 
B)  One species in a stressful environment where the climate is changing rapidly 
C)  Two species in the same environment, with one species preying on the other 
D)  Two species in the same environment feeding on different but similar foods 
E)  Two species in a commensal relationship in which one receives food and the other is not harmed 
A)  One species in a mild environment where the climate is stable and warm 
B)  One species in a stressful environment where the climate is changing rapidly 
C)  Two species in the same environment, with one species preying on the other 
D)  Two species in the same environment feeding on different but similar foods 
E)  Two species in a commensal relationship in which one receives food and the other is not harmed

Question 9

A Nigerian coastal forest is inhabited by five species of small primates, all competing for the same limiting resources.If one primate species becomes locally extinct because of hunting, what will happen to the niches of the remaining species?

Accepted Answer

A)  All realized niches will expand. 
B)  All realized niches will stay the same. 
C)  All fundamental niches will expand. 
D)  The realized niche of at least one species will expand. 
E)  The fundamental niche of at least one species will expand. 
A)  All realized niches will expand. 
B)  All realized niches will stay the same. 
C)  All fundamental niches will expand. 
D)  The realized niche of at least one species will expand. 
E)  The fundamental niche of at least one species will expand.

Question 10

Stinging bees, stinging wasps, and nonstinging hover flies all have black-and-yellow striped abdomens.Which type(s) of mimicry are these three types of insects expressing?

Accepted Answer

A)  The bees and the flies are Müllerian mimics, and the wasps are Batesian mimics. 
B)  The bees and the wasps are Müllerian mimics, and the flies are Batesian mimics. 
C)  The bees and the wasps are Batesian mimics, and the flies are Müllerian mimics. 
D)  All three types of insects are Müllerian mimics. 
E)  All three types of insects are Batesian mimics. 
A)  The bees and the flies are Müllerian mimics, and the wasps are Batesian mimics. 
B)  The bees and the wasps are Müllerian mimics, and the flies are Batesian mimics. 
C)  The bees and the wasps are Batesian mimics, and the flies are Müllerian mimics. 
D)  All three types of insects are Müllerian mimics. 
E)  All three types of insects are Batesian mimics.

Question 11

Another way to describe coevolution is

Accepted Answer

A)  amensalism. 
B)  commensalism. 
C)  natural selection. 
D)  reciprocal adaptation. 
E)  character displacement. 
A)  amensalism. 
B)  commensalism. 
C)  natural selection. 
D)  reciprocal adaptation. 
E)  character displacement.

Question 12

When two species of stickleback fish each live in separate lakes, the two species are similar in shape, size, and the features of their gill rakers.When the two species inhabit the same lake, they differ in shape, size, and the number and length of their gill rakers.These morphological changes are examples of _______.

Accepted Answer

character

Question 13

Which statement describes an example of interference competition?

Accepted Answer

A)  The early bird gets the worm; the late bird goes hungry. 
B)  The sparrow feeds on one side of the bird feeder; the finch feeds on the other side. 
C)  The robin bathes in the birdbath; the catbird waits for its turn. 
D)  The mother bird arrives at the nest and feeds the first open mouth she sees. 
E)  The woodpecker feeds on the suet; the blue jay arrives to feed and scares the woodpecker away. 
A)  The early bird gets the worm; the late bird goes hungry. 
B)  The sparrow feeds on one side of the bird feeder; the finch feeds on the other side. 
C)  The robin bathes in the birdbath; the catbird waits for its turn. 
D)  The mother bird arrives at the nest and feeds the first open mouth she sees. 
E)  The woodpecker feeds on the suet; the blue jay arrives to feed and scares the woodpecker away.

Question 14

Animals that use chemicals to defend themselves against predators often advertise their toxicity using

Accepted Answer

A)  warning coloration. 
B)  mimicry. 
C)  reciprocal adaptation. 
D)  crypsis. 
E)  character displacement. 
A)  warning coloration. 
B)  mimicry. 
C)  reciprocal adaptation. 
D)  crypsis. 
E)  character displacement.

Question 15

In which type of environment is a positive interaction, such as a mutualism or commensalism, least likely to be found?

Accepted Answer

A)  Desert 
B)  Salt marsh 
C)  Deciduous forest 
D)  Alpine community 
E)  Tundra community 
A)  Desert 
B)  Salt marsh 
C)  Deciduous forest 
D)  Alpine community 
E)  Tundra community

Question 16

Detrimental effects of climate change on the U.S.Southwest include increased temperatures, drought, insect outbreaks, and declining water supplies.How would you expect the number of mutualisms and commensalisms to change in the Southwest in the coming years, as these changes become established?

Accepted Answer

Positive interactions such as mutualism

Question 17

Refer to the graph below showing one of the results from G.F.Gause's classic competition experiment on three species of Paramecium.P.caudatum feeds on floating bacteria; P.bursaria feeds on yeast cells.   Which statement best describes the relationship between the two species?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are showing competitive exclusion. 
B)  They are showing interference competition. 
C)  They have reached the same carrying capacity. 
D)  They are showing asymmetrical competition for food. 
E)  They are able to coexist because they are not competing for food. 
A)  They are showing competitive exclusion. 
B)  They are showing interference competition. 
C)  They have reached the same carrying capacity. 
D)  They are showing asymmetrical competition for food. 
E)  They are able to coexist because they are not competing for food.

Question 18

Plant chemical defenses form an effective defense against herbivores because the chemicals

Accepted Answer

A)  result in herbivore death. 
B)  result in the death of plant competitors. 
C)  reduce the plants' appeal to herbivores. 
D)  can also be used as nutrients for the plant. 
E)  destroy the plants' nutritive value to herbivores. 
A)  result in herbivore death. 
B)  result in the death of plant competitors. 
C)  reduce the plants' appeal to herbivores. 
D)  can also be used as nutrients for the plant. 
E)  destroy the plants' nutritive value to herbivores.

Question 19

The relationship between flowering plants and the caterpillars that eat them is best described as

Accepted Answer

A)  commensalism. 
B)  parasitism. 
C)  herbivory. 
D)  mutualism. 
E)  carnivory. 
A)  commensalism. 
B)  parasitism. 
C)  herbivory. 
D)  mutualism. 
E)  carnivory.

Question 20

Nitrogen is absorbed by plants through their roots.It is a limiting resource, meaning that its abundance directly limits plant growth.A plant species that produces many roots can significantly reduce soil nitrogen locally, resulting in the mortality of neighboring individual plants of that species.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  exploitative competition. 
B)  interference competition. 
C)  interspecific competition. 
D)  character displacement. 
E)  resource partitioning. 
A)  exploitative competition. 
B)  interference competition. 
C)  interspecific competition. 
D)  character displacement. 
E)  resource partitioning.

Exam 55: Species Interactions

Using the symbols to represent positive (+), negative (-), and neutral (0), which correctly represents interactions between species one and species two, respectively?

The actions of a frugivore become part of a mutualistic interaction only when the frugivore

A wild mouse population has coexisted for millions of years with Toxoplasma parasites.However, during a recent year, the mouse population was almost decimated by a Toxoplasma infection.What factor most likely explains this sudden change in the pattern of coexistence?

Grasshoppers feed on many different plants and will consume all parts of the plant, while apple borers feed only on apples.This difference in feeding habits suggests that the grasshopper is a generalist herbivore, while the apple borer is a(n) _______ herbivore.

Which of these responses to predation could best be described as Batesian mimicry?

A mutualistic relationship will most likely lead to reciprocal adaptations when

Some nontoxic female swallowtail butterflies resemble other butterfly species that are toxic.This phenomenon is known as

Which situation is most likely to result in the process of coevolution?

A Nigerian coastal forest is inhabited by five species of small primates, all competing for the same limiting resources.If one primate species becomes locally extinct because of hunting, what will happen to the niches of the remaining species?

Stinging bees, stinging wasps, and nonstinging hover flies all have black-and-yellow striped abdomens.Which type(s) of mimicry are these three types of insects expressing?

Another way to describe coevolution is

Which statement describes an example of interference competition?

Animals that use chemicals to defend themselves against predators often advertise their toxicity using

In which type of environment is a positive interaction, such as a mutualism or commensalism, least likely to be found?

Detrimental effects of climate change on the U.S.Southwest include increased temperatures, drought, insect outbreaks, and declining water supplies.How would you expect the number of mutualisms and commensalisms to change in the Southwest in the coming years, as these changes become established?

Refer to the graph below showing one of the results from G.F.Gause's classic competition experiment on three species of Paramecium.P.caudatum feeds on floating bacteria; P.bursaria feeds on yeast cells. Which statement best describes the relationship between the two species?

Plant chemical defenses form an effective defense against herbivores because the chemicals

The relationship between flowering plants and the caterpillars that eat them is best described as

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

Filters