Question 1

Of the nitrogenous wastes produced by vertebrates, _______ is the most toxic and soluble in water.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Of the nitrogenous wastes produced by vertebrates,...

Question 2

If a long loop of Henle is functioning properly, then it will not

Accepted Answer

A)  create a gradient of sodium chloride in the renal medulla. 
B)  increase the countercurrent effects of the vasa recta. 
C)  enable further concentration of urine in the collecting ducts. 
D)  prevent excessive water loss from the body. 
E)  increase the osmolarity of the urine that is delivered to the distal convoluted tubule and then the collecting duct. 
A)  create a gradient of sodium chloride in the renal medulla. 
B)  increase the countercurrent effects of the vasa recta. 
C)  enable further concentration of urine in the collecting ducts. 
D)  prevent excessive water loss from the body. 
E)  increase the osmolarity of the urine that is delivered to the distal convoluted tubule and then the collecting duct.

Question 3

Evaluate the following statement: Humans are ureotelic, which means they only excrete urea.

Accepted Answer

The statement is incorrect. Al

Question 4

Which feature is not one of the adaptations that allows reptiles to live in terrestrial environments where water must be conserved?

Accepted Answer

A)  Scaly skin 
B)  Excretion of uric acid 
C)  Shelled eggs 
D)  Reproduction involving internal fertilization 
E)  Excretion of salts 
A)  Scaly skin 
B)  Excretion of uric acid 
C)  Shelled eggs 
D)  Reproduction involving internal fertilization 
E)  Excretion of salts

Question 5

Choose the incorrect pairing between type of environment and response of the brine shrimp Artemia.

Accepted Answer

A)  Dilute seawater-transports ions from environment across gill membranes to extracellular fluid 
B)  Evaporating salt pond-transports ions from extracellular fluid across gill membranes to environment 
C)  Seawater-osmoconforms 
D)  Evaporating salt pond-maintains tissue fluid osmolarity below environmental conditions 
E)  Dilute seawater-osmoconforms 
A)  Dilute seawater-transports ions from environment across gill membranes to extracellular fluid 
B)  Evaporating salt pond-transports ions from extracellular fluid across gill membranes to environment 
C)  Seawater-osmoconforms 
D)  Evaporating salt pond-maintains tissue fluid osmolarity below environmental conditions 
E)  Dilute seawater-osmoconforms

Question 6

Refer to the figure of the human kidney.   Identify structure 5.What structures empty into structure 5, and what are they carrying?

Accepted Answer

Structure 5 is the p

Question 7

Cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays) have a specialized gland that excretes excess salt taken in with their food.Which organisms also possess a gland for excreting excess salt acquired through their food?

Accepted Answer

A)  Terrestrial herbivores 
B)  Marine mammals 
C)  Marine birds 
D)  Brine shrimp 
E)  Freshwater bony fishes 
A)  Terrestrial herbivores 
B)  Marine mammals 
C)  Marine birds 
D)  Brine shrimp 
E)  Freshwater bony fishes

Question 8

Organisms that are ionic regulators maintain their extracellular fluids at an _______ concentration that _______ that of the environment.

Accepted Answer

A)  osmotic; is lower than 
B)  osmotic; is the same as 
C)  ion; may differ from 
D)  ion; is the same as 
E)  osmotic; is higher than 
A)  osmotic; is lower than 
B)  osmotic; is the same as 
C)  ion; may differ from 
D)  ion; is the same as 
E)  osmotic; is higher than

Question 9

Which statement about the filtration process of the excretory systems of animals with closed circulatory systems is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The filter consists of walls of capillaries and associated tubules. 
B)  It is driven by blood pressure. 
C)  It produces filtrate without large molecules. 
D)  It processes filtrate by moving valuable solutes back into blood. 
E)  It produces filtrate that does not contain cells. 
A)  The filter consists of walls of capillaries and associated tubules. 
B)  It is driven by blood pressure. 
C)  It produces filtrate without large molecules. 
D)  It processes filtrate by moving valuable solutes back into blood. 
E)  It produces filtrate that does not contain cells.

Question 10

Which feature does not characterize atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is released by stretched atrial muscle fibers. 
B)  It is a hormone. 
C)  It decreases reabsorption of sodium. 
D)  It lowers blood volume and pressure. 
E)  It causes production of large amounts of concentrated urine. 
A)  It is released by stretched atrial muscle fibers. 
B)  It is a hormone. 
C)  It decreases reabsorption of sodium. 
D)  It lowers blood volume and pressure. 
E)  It causes production of large amounts of concentrated urine.

Question 11

Refer to the figure of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the mammalian kidney.   Based on the figure, which nitrogenous waste moves out of region 6, and what happens to it?

Accepted Answer

Urea moves out of re

Question 12

Which statement about the excretory system of annelids and that of flatworms is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  In both systems, blood pressure aids in filtration. 
B)  They both move fluid using cilia. 
C)  They both have tubules. 
D)  Fluid leaves both systems through a series of pores. 
E)  Both systems excrete dilute urine. 
A)  In both systems, blood pressure aids in filtration. 
B)  They both move fluid using cilia. 
C)  They both have tubules. 
D)  Fluid leaves both systems through a series of pores. 
E)  Both systems excrete dilute urine.

Question 13

In the mammalian kidney, the filtrate flows through the _______ immediately before entering a collecting duct.

Accepted Answer

A)  renal pyramid 
B)  proximal convoluted tubule 
C)  distal convoluted tubule 
D)  loop of Henle 
E)  glomerulus 
A)  renal pyramid 
B)  proximal convoluted tubule 
C)  distal convoluted tubule 
D)  loop of Henle 
E)  glomerulus

Question 14

Which statement about the nitrogenous wastes of humans is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Humans can excrete urea, uric acid, and ammonia. 
B)  The uric acid produced by humans comes mainly from the metabolism of carbohydrates. 
C)  Humans are uricotelic. 
D)  Solubility of uric acid increases with decreasing temperature. 
E)  Risk for developing gout decreases as body weight increases. 
A)  Humans can excrete urea, uric acid, and ammonia. 
B)  The uric acid produced by humans comes mainly from the metabolism of carbohydrates. 
C)  Humans are uricotelic. 
D)  Solubility of uric acid increases with decreasing temperature. 
E)  Risk for developing gout decreases as body weight increases.

Question 15

Alcohol inhibits antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release, which results in the production of

Accepted Answer

A)  large amounts of concentrated urine. 
B)  large amounts of dilute urine. 
C)  a small volume of dilute urine. 
D)  a small volume of concentrated urine. 
E)  no urine. 
A)  large amounts of concentrated urine. 
B)  large amounts of dilute urine. 
C)  a small volume of dilute urine. 
D)  a small volume of concentrated urine. 
E)  no urine.

Question 16

Which feature does not characterize a protonephridium?

Accepted Answer

A)  It consists of a flame cell and a tubule. 
B)  Cells of its tubule modify the composition of the filtrate. 
C)  It produces urine that is less concentrated than extracellular fluid. 
D)  The filtrate it produces flows toward the excretory pore. 
E)  It relies on blood pressure to drive filtration. 
A)  It consists of a flame cell and a tubule. 
B)  Cells of its tubule modify the composition of the filtrate. 
C)  It produces urine that is less concentrated than extracellular fluid. 
D)  The filtrate it produces flows toward the excretory pore. 
E)  It relies on blood pressure to drive filtration.

Question 17

Which structure functions as a countercurrent multiplier?

Accepted Answer

A)  Renal pyramid 
B)  Proximal convoluted tubule 
C)  Distal convoluted tubule 
D)  Loop of Henle 
E)  Glomerulus 
A)  Renal pyramid 
B)  Proximal convoluted tubule 
C)  Distal convoluted tubule 
D)  Loop of Henle 
E)  Glomerulus

Question 18

Which statement about excretion in animals is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gills and kidneys serve as excretory organs in bony fishes. 
B)  Whereas tadpoles excrete ammonia, adult frogs typically excrete urea. 
C)  Bony fishes retain high concentrations of urea in their extracellular fluids. 
D)  Humans are ureotelic. 
E)  Terrestrial animals convert ammonia to urea or uric acid. 
A)  Gills and kidneys serve as excretory organs in bony fishes. 
B)  Whereas tadpoles excrete ammonia, adult frogs typically excrete urea. 
C)  Bony fishes retain high concentrations of urea in their extracellular fluids. 
D)  Humans are ureotelic. 
E)  Terrestrial animals convert ammonia to urea or uric acid.

Question 19

Destruction of the cilia on a flame cell of a protonephridium would prevent all the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  development of a slight positive pressure in the tubule. 
B)  reabsorption from filtrate. 
C)  excretion of excess water. 
D)  filtration of extracellular fluid. 
E)  movement of filtrate toward excretory pore. 
A)  development of a slight positive pressure in the tubule. 
B)  reabsorption from filtrate. 
C)  excretion of excess water. 
D)  filtration of extracellular fluid. 
E)  movement of filtrate toward excretory pore.

Question 20

You are a physician, and one of your obese patients, who eats a diet high in protein, describes pain in his big toe.You explain that the condition is called _______ and that it results from the precipitation of _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  gout; urea 
B)  gout; ammonia 
C)  arthritis; urea 
D)  gout; uric acid 
E)  arthritis; ammonia 
A)  gout; urea 
B)  gout; ammonia 
C)  arthritis; urea 
D)  gout; uric acid 
E)  arthritis; ammonia

Exam 51: Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Of the nitrogenous wastes produced by vertebrates, _______ is the most toxic and soluble in water.

If a long loop of Henle is functioning properly, then it will not

Evaluate the following statement: Humans are ureotelic, which means they only excrete urea.

Which feature is not one of the adaptations that allows reptiles to live in terrestrial environments where water must be conserved?

Choose the incorrect pairing between type of environment and response of the brine shrimp Artemia.

Refer to the figure of the human kidney. Identify structure 5.What structures empty into structure 5, and what are they carrying?

Cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays) have a specialized gland that excretes excess salt taken in with their food.Which organisms also possess a gland for excreting excess salt acquired through their food?

Organisms that are ionic regulators maintain their extracellular fluids at an _______ concentration that _______ that of the environment.

Which statement about the filtration process of the excretory systems of animals with closed circulatory systems is false?

Which feature does not characterize atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

Refer to the figure of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the mammalian kidney. Based on the figure, which nitrogenous waste moves out of region 6, and what happens to it?

Which statement about the excretory system of annelids and that of flatworms is false?

In the mammalian kidney, the filtrate flows through the _______ immediately before entering a collecting duct.

Which statement about the nitrogenous wastes of humans is true?

Alcohol inhibits antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release, which results in the production of

Which feature does not characterize a protonephridium?

Which structure functions as a countercurrent multiplier?

Which statement about excretion in animals is false?

Destruction of the cilia on a flame cell of a protonephridium would prevent all the following except

You are a physician, and one of your obese patients, who eats a diet high in protein, describes pain in his big toe.You explain that the condition is called _______ and that it results from the precipitation of _______.

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Organisms that are ionic regulators maintain their extracellular fluids at an _ concentration that _ that of the environment.

You are a physician, and one of your obese patients, who eats a diet high in protein, describes pain in his big toe.You explain that the condition is called _ and that it results from the precipitation of _.