Question 1

Mammals produce urine more concentrated than their _______, which allows them to live in very arid environments.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mammals produce urine more concentrated than their...

Question 2

An experimental procedure that temporarily immobilizes cilia of flame cells in flatworms would impair all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  filtration of extracellular fluid. 
B)  reabsorption from filtrate. 
C)  excretion of excess water. 
D)  creation of a slight positive pressure in the extracellular fluid. 
E)  creation of a slight negative pressure in the tubule portion of the protonephridium. 
A)  filtration of extracellular fluid. 
B)  reabsorption from filtrate. 
C)  excretion of excess water. 
D)  creation of a slight positive pressure in the extracellular fluid. 
E)  creation of a slight negative pressure in the tubule portion of the protonephridium.

Question 3

Renal failure results in acidosis, which is a decrease in blood pH, because the kidneys normally

Accepted Answer

A)  secrete H+ and reabsorb HCO3-. 
B)  secrete Na+. 
C)  reabsorb H+. 
D)  secrete HCO3-. 
E)  reabsorb Na+. 
A)  secrete H+ and reabsorb HCO3-. 
B)  secrete Na+. 
C)  reabsorb H+. 
D)  secrete HCO3-. 
E)  reabsorb Na+.

Question 4

Which feature does not characterize the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is very permeable to water. 
B)  It is not very permeable to Na+ and Cl-. 
C)  Water moves out via osmosis along its length. 
D)  Fluid within it becomes more concentrated as it approaches the hairpin turn of loop of Henle. 
E)  It is surrounded by interstitial fluid of lower osmolarity. 
A)  It is very permeable to water. 
B)  It is not very permeable to Na+ and Cl-. 
C)  Water moves out via osmosis along its length. 
D)  Fluid within it becomes more concentrated as it approaches the hairpin turn of loop of Henle. 
E)  It is surrounded by interstitial fluid of lower osmolarity.

Question 5

_______ in the hypothalamus stimulate release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and _______ in the aorta and carotid arteries inhibit release of ADH.

Accepted Answer

A)  Angiotensin receptors; stretch receptors 
B)  Stretch receptors; chemoreceptors 
C)  Osmoreceptors; stretch receptors 
D)  Renin receptors; chemoreceptors 
E)  Stretch receptors; osmoreceptors 
A)  Angiotensin receptors; stretch receptors 
B)  Stretch receptors; chemoreceptors 
C)  Osmoreceptors; stretch receptors 
D)  Renin receptors; chemoreceptors 
E)  Stretch receptors; osmoreceptors

Question 6

Which feature is not a characteristic of retiles?

Accepted Answer

A)  Shelled eggs 
B)  Internal fertilization 
C)  Excretion of uric acid as the main nitrogenous waste 
D)  Ability to inhabit arid environments 
E)  Moist permeable skin 
A)  Shelled eggs 
B)  Internal fertilization 
C)  Excretion of uric acid as the main nitrogenous waste 
D)  Ability to inhabit arid environments 
E)  Moist permeable skin

Question 7

Cartilaginous fishes excrete _______ as their major excretory product.They also keep their extracellular fluid _______ to seawater by retaining high concentrations of the nitrogen containing compounds _______ and _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  uric acid; hyposmotic; urea; trimethylamine 
B)  urea; hyperosmotic; urea; trimethylamine 
C)  ammonia; hyperosmotic; urea; ammonia 
D)  ammonia; isosmotic; urea; uric acid 
E)  uric acid; hyposmotic; urea; ammonia 
A)  uric acid; hyposmotic; urea; trimethylamine 
B)  urea; hyperosmotic; urea; trimethylamine 
C)  ammonia; hyperosmotic; urea; ammonia 
D)  ammonia; isosmotic; urea; uric acid 
E)  uric acid; hyposmotic; urea; ammonia

Question 8

Tadpoles living in fresh water excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tadpoles living in fresh water excrete nitrogenous...

Question 9

You are a physician, and a patient presents with pain in his big toe.His diet includes significant amounts of caffeine and nucleic acids.You suspect gout and draw fluid from the inflamed joint.The presence of _______ would help confirm your diagnosis.

Accepted Answer

A)  carbon dioxide 
B)  water 
C)  ammonia 
D)  uric acid 
E)  urea 
A)  carbon dioxide 
B)  water 
C)  ammonia 
D)  uric acid 
E)  urea

Question 10

Refer to the figure showing the vertebrate nephron.   Identify structure 4.What is its function?

Accepted Answer

An efferent arteriol

Question 11

A long period of dry, hot weather has caused evaporation of water, resulting in an increase in salt concentrations in the ponds inhabited by the brine shrimp Artemia.How will the shrimp respond physiologically?

Accepted Answer

A)  They will transport salt out of their extracellular fluids to the environment. 
B)  They will move water across their gill membranes by means of active transport. 
C)  They will maintain osmolarity of their extracellular fluids above environmental levels. 
D)  They will osmoconform with their surroundings. 
E)  They will transport salt from the environment to their extracellular fluids. 
A)  They will transport salt out of their extracellular fluids to the environment. 
B)  They will move water across their gill membranes by means of active transport. 
C)  They will maintain osmolarity of their extracellular fluids above environmental levels. 
D)  They will osmoconform with their surroundings. 
E)  They will transport salt from the environment to their extracellular fluids.

Question 12

In flatworms, a flame cell and tubule form a(n) _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In flatworms, a flame cell and tubule...

Question 13

Which feature does not characterize the salt glands of marine birds?

Accepted Answer

A)  They consist of secretory tubules served by arterioles and venules. 
B)  Their secretions drain into the nasal cavity. 
C)  Chloride ions move from the extracellular fluid into tubule cells via osmosis. 
D)  Chloride ions move from the tubule cell into tubule fluid, and sodium ions and water follow. 
E)  They are in depressions of the skull. 
A)  They consist of secretory tubules served by arterioles and venules. 
B)  Their secretions drain into the nasal cavity. 
C)  Chloride ions move from the extracellular fluid into tubule cells via osmosis. 
D)  Chloride ions move from the tubule cell into tubule fluid, and sodium ions and water follow. 
E)  They are in depressions of the skull.

Question 14

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) affects the aquaporin AQP-2 by

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibiting the synthesis of new AQP-2 proteins. 
B)  causing AQP-2 to move into intracellular vesicles of collecting duct cells. 
C)  causing AQP-2 to move to the basolateral plasma membranes of collecting duct cells. 
D)  causing AQP-2 to move to the apical plasma membranes of collecting duct cells. 
E)  prompting exocytosis of AQP-2. 
A)  inhibiting the synthesis of new AQP-2 proteins. 
B)  causing AQP-2 to move into intracellular vesicles of collecting duct cells. 
C)  causing AQP-2 to move to the basolateral plasma membranes of collecting duct cells. 
D)  causing AQP-2 to move to the apical plasma membranes of collecting duct cells. 
E)  prompting exocytosis of AQP-2.

Question 15

Which statement about renal failure is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  A renal dialysis machine can sustain a patient whose kidneys have failed until a donor kidney is available for transplant. 
B)  Renal failure is characterized by acidosis. 
C)  Renal failure causes the production of large amounts of dilute urine and hence low blood pressure. 
D)  A person with complete renal failure can survive about two weeks without treatment. 
E)  Uremic poisoning occurs in patients with renal failure. 
A)  A renal dialysis machine can sustain a patient whose kidneys have failed until a donor kidney is available for transplant. 
B)  Renal failure is characterized by acidosis. 
C)  Renal failure causes the production of large amounts of dilute urine and hence low blood pressure. 
D)  A person with complete renal failure can survive about two weeks without treatment. 
E)  Uremic poisoning occurs in patients with renal failure.

Question 16

Like the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the thin ascending limb is

Accepted Answer

A)  impermeable to Na+ and Cl-. 
B)  involved in active transport of Na+ and Cl-. 
C)  impermeable to water. 
D)  involved in diffusion of Na+ and Cl-. 
E)  a site of urea diffusion. 
A)  impermeable to Na+ and Cl-. 
B)  involved in active transport of Na+ and Cl-. 
C)  impermeable to water. 
D)  involved in diffusion of Na+ and Cl-. 
E)  a site of urea diffusion.

Question 17

Refer to the figure showing the glomerular filter.   Based on the figure, which statement is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Number 1 indicates blood plasma. 
B)  The structure indicated by number 6 is a podocyte, which is a cell of Bowman's capsule. 
C)  Number 5 indicates filtrate. 
D)  The structure indicated by number 4 prevents large molecules from leaving capillaries. 
E)  Number 2 indicates the basal lamina. 
A)  Number 1 indicates blood plasma. 
B)  The structure indicated by number 6 is a podocyte, which is a cell of Bowman's capsule. 
C)  Number 5 indicates filtrate. 
D)  The structure indicated by number 4 prevents large molecules from leaving capillaries. 
E)  Number 2 indicates the basal lamina.

Question 18

Marine cartilaginous fishes have body fluids with osmolarity _______ that of seawater and possess a rectal gland that _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  far below; conserves water 
B)  close to; actively secretes NaCl 
C)  far above; conserves NaCl 
D)  close to; actively secretes urea 
E)  far below; actively secretes ammonia 
A)  far below; conserves water 
B)  close to; actively secretes NaCl 
C)  far above; conserves NaCl 
D)  close to; actively secretes urea 
E)  far below; actively secretes ammonia

Question 19

In a nephron, _______ occurs at the glomerulus, and _______ and _______ occur along the renal tubule.

Accepted Answer

A)  reabsorption; secretion; filtration 
B)  filtration; tubular reabsorption; tubular secretion 
C)  excretion; tubular reabsorption; tubular secretion 
D)  urine formation; filtration; tubular reabsorption 
E)  tubular reabsorption; filtration; tubular secretion 
A)  reabsorption; secretion; filtration 
B)  filtration; tubular reabsorption; tubular secretion 
C)  excretion; tubular reabsorption; tubular secretion 
D)  urine formation; filtration; tubular reabsorption 
E)  tubular reabsorption; filtration; tubular secretion

Question 20

Which feature does not characterize aquaporins?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are prevalent in cells of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. 
B)  They are membrane proteins that form water channels. 
C)  They are abundant in proximal convoluted tubule cells. 
D)  They are present in epithelial cells of the belly skin of amphibians. 
E)  They are abundant in cells of the descending limb of the loop of Henle. 
A)  They are prevalent in cells of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. 
B)  They are membrane proteins that form water channels. 
C)  They are abundant in proximal convoluted tubule cells. 
D)  They are present in epithelial cells of the belly skin of amphibians. 
E)  They are abundant in cells of the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

Exam 51: Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Mammals produce urine more concentrated than their _______, which allows them to live in very arid environments.

An experimental procedure that temporarily immobilizes cilia of flame cells in flatworms would impair all of the following except

Renal failure results in acidosis, which is a decrease in blood pH, because the kidneys normally

Which feature does not characterize the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle?

_______ in the hypothalamus stimulate release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and _______ in the aorta and carotid arteries inhibit release of ADH.

Which feature is not a characteristic of retiles?

Cartilaginous fishes excrete _______ as their major excretory product.They also keep their extracellular fluid _______ to seawater by retaining high concentrations of the nitrogen containing compounds _______ and _______.

Tadpoles living in fresh water excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of _______.

You are a physician, and a patient presents with pain in his big toe.His diet includes significant amounts of caffeine and nucleic acids.You suspect gout and draw fluid from the inflamed joint.The presence of _______ would help confirm your diagnosis.

Refer to the figure showing the vertebrate nephron. Identify structure 4.What is its function?

A long period of dry, hot weather has caused evaporation of water, resulting in an increase in salt concentrations in the ponds inhabited by the brine shrimp Artemia.How will the shrimp respond physiologically?

In flatworms, a flame cell and tubule form a(n) _______.

Which feature does not characterize the salt glands of marine birds?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) affects the aquaporin AQP-2 by

Which statement about renal failure is false?

Like the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the thin ascending limb is

Refer to the figure showing the glomerular filter. Based on the figure, which statement is false?

Marine cartilaginous fishes have body fluids with osmolarity _______ that of seawater and possess a rectal gland that _______.

In a nephron, _______ occurs at the glomerulus, and _______ and _______ occur along the renal tubule.

Which feature does not characterize aquaporins?

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

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The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

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Plant Nutrition

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Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

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Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

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Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

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The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

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_ in the hypothalamus stimulate release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and _ in the aorta and carotid arteries inhibit release of ADH.

Cartilaginous fishes excrete ___ as their major excretory product.They also keep their extracellular fluid _ to seawater by retaining high concentrations of the nitrogen containing compounds _ and ___.

Marine cartilaginous fishes have body fluids with osmolarity _ that of seawater and possess a rectal gland that _.

In a nephron, ___ occurs at the glomerulus, and _ and _____ occur along the renal tubule.