Question 1

Which structure plays an increasing role in urination as toddlers develop?

Accepted Answer

A)  Smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urethra 
B)  Ureter 
C)  Skeletal muscle sphincter at the base of the urethra 
D)  Urethra 
E)  Urinary bladder 
A)  Smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urethra 
B)  Ureter 
C)  Skeletal muscle sphincter at the base of the urethra 
D)  Urethra 
E)  Urinary bladder

Question 2

Refer to the figure of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the mammalian kidney.   Based on the figure, which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Water leaves the tubule by active transport at points 2, 3, and 5. 
B)  Water enters the tubule by osmosis at point 3. 
C)  Sodium chloride leaves the tubule by diffusion at points 1 and 3. 
D)  Sodium chloride leaves the tubule by active transport at point 6. 
E)  Urea leaves the tubule by diffusion at point 6. 
A)  Water leaves the tubule by active transport at points 2, 3, and 5. 
B)  Water enters the tubule by osmosis at point 3. 
C)  Sodium chloride leaves the tubule by diffusion at points 1 and 3. 
D)  Sodium chloride leaves the tubule by active transport at point 6. 
E)  Urea leaves the tubule by diffusion at point 6.

Question 3

Coelomic fluid in the earthworm contains nitrogenous waste, which enters the metanephridium for processing by the action of cilia surrounding the _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Coelomic fluid in the earthworm contains nitrogenous...

Question 4

A scientist interested in studying how animals excrete ammonia as nitrogenous waste should select a study species from which group?

Accepted Answer

A)  Marine mammals 
B)  Freshwater bony fishes 
C)  Marine cartilaginous fishes 
D)  Birds 
E)  Insects 
A)  Marine mammals 
B)  Freshwater bony fishes 
C)  Marine cartilaginous fishes 
D)  Birds 
E)  Insects

Question 5

In the excretory system of flatworms, filtration of extracellular fluid occurs

Accepted Answer

A)  in cells that form the excretory pore. 
B)  between cells at the terminal ends of the excretory tubules. 
C)  within the flame cell. 
D)  as filtrate flows toward the excretory pore. 
E)  after reabsorption. 
A)  in cells that form the excretory pore. 
B)  between cells at the terminal ends of the excretory tubules. 
C)  within the flame cell. 
D)  as filtrate flows toward the excretory pore. 
E)  after reabsorption.

Question 6

Which statement about insect excretory systems is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Uric acid, sodium ions, and potassium ions passively diffuse from extracellular fluid into the Malpighian tubules. 
B)  Water moves into Malpighian tubules because of the high concentration of solutes inside the tubules. 
C)  Water returns to the extracellular fluid across the walls of the rectum. 
D)  Excretion of uric acid conserves water and allows insects to live in very arid environments. 
E)  Epithelial cells of the hindgut and rectum actively transport sodium and potassium ions back into the extracellular fluid. 
A)  Uric acid, sodium ions, and potassium ions passively diffuse from extracellular fluid into the Malpighian tubules. 
B)  Water moves into Malpighian tubules because of the high concentration of solutes inside the tubules. 
C)  Water returns to the extracellular fluid across the walls of the rectum. 
D)  Excretion of uric acid conserves water and allows insects to live in very arid environments. 
E)  Epithelial cells of the hindgut and rectum actively transport sodium and potassium ions back into the extracellular fluid.

Question 7

Which feature does not characterize antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Its release is stimulated by cells in the hypothalamus. 
B)  It is also called vasopressin. 
C)  It is released by the posterior pituitary. 
D)  It prompts the insertion of aquaporins into the plasma membranes of cells of collecting ducts. 
E)  It causes more water to move from the interstitial fluid of the medulla into the collecting ducts. 
A)  Its release is stimulated by cells in the hypothalamus. 
B)  It is also called vasopressin. 
C)  It is released by the posterior pituitary. 
D)  It prompts the insertion of aquaporins into the plasma membranes of cells of collecting ducts. 
E)  It causes more water to move from the interstitial fluid of the medulla into the collecting ducts.

Question 8

Refer to the figure of the human kidney.   Based on the figure, which statement is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The solute concentration of the interstitial fluid in the region marked 2 decreases as you move deeper into the kidney. 
B)  Structures at points 3 and 4 occur on the side of the kidney facing the midline of the body. 
C)  Loops of Henle occur within the structure at point 2. 
D)  The structure at point 7 transports urine to the urinary bladder. 
E)  Glomeruli are found within the structure at point 1. 
A)  The solute concentration of the interstitial fluid in the region marked 2 decreases as you move deeper into the kidney. 
B)  Structures at points 3 and 4 occur on the side of the kidney facing the midline of the body. 
C)  Loops of Henle occur within the structure at point 2. 
D)  The structure at point 7 transports urine to the urinary bladder. 
E)  Glomeruli are found within the structure at point 1.

Question 9

Mechanisms for the active transport of water

Accepted Answer

A)  are widespread among animals. 
B)  rely on the sodium-potassium pump. 
C)  allow for a higher rate of water transport than other transport methods provide. 
D)  are responsible for reabsorption and secretion. 
E)  do not exist; the movement of water occurs in response to differences in either pressure or solute concentration. 
A)  are widespread among animals. 
B)  rely on the sodium-potassium pump. 
C)  allow for a higher rate of water transport than other transport methods provide. 
D)  are responsible for reabsorption and secretion. 
E)  do not exist; the movement of water occurs in response to differences in either pressure or solute concentration.

Question 10

Which event happens in the collecting ducts of the mammalian kidney?

Accepted Answer

A)  Water moves out via osmosis and urea diffuses out. 
B)  Water is actively transported out. 
C)  NaCl diffuses out. 
D)  NaCl is actively transported out. 
E)  Glucose moves into cells. 
A)  Water moves out via osmosis and urea diffuses out. 
B)  Water is actively transported out. 
C)  NaCl diffuses out. 
D)  NaCl is actively transported out. 
E)  Glucose moves into cells.

Question 11

Which physiological response would not correct for a drop in glomerular blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Elevation of the body's central blood pressure by angiotensin 
B)  Stimulation of thirst in the brain by angiotensin 
C)  Constriction of the afferent renal arterioles 
D)  Constriction of the efferent renal arterioles 
E)  Stimulation of aldosterone release by the adrenal cortex 
A)  Elevation of the body's central blood pressure by angiotensin 
B)  Stimulation of thirst in the brain by angiotensin 
C)  Constriction of the afferent renal arterioles 
D)  Constriction of the efferent renal arterioles 
E)  Stimulation of aldosterone release by the adrenal cortex

Question 12

Which statement about the kidneys' role in acid-base balance is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bicarbonate and sodium ions enter the nephron during glomerular filtration. 
B)  Cells of the renal tubule secrete hydrogen ions in exchange for sodium ions. 
C)  Renal tubule cells contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. 
D)  A symporter carries sodium and bicarbonate ions from the renal tubule cell into the interstitial fluid. 
E)  Whereas the kidneys control levels of CO2 in the blood, the lungs control levels of H+ in the blood. 
A)  Bicarbonate and sodium ions enter the nephron during glomerular filtration. 
B)  Cells of the renal tubule secrete hydrogen ions in exchange for sodium ions. 
C)  Renal tubule cells contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. 
D)  A symporter carries sodium and bicarbonate ions from the renal tubule cell into the interstitial fluid. 
E)  Whereas the kidneys control levels of CO2 in the blood, the lungs control levels of H+ in the blood.

Question 13

Which feature does not characterize filtration by nephrons?

Accepted Answer

A)  It produces the renal filtrate. 
B)  It involves the movement of water, ions, and small molecules out of glomerular capillaries and into Bowman's capsule. 
C)  It occurs because pressure in glomerular capillaries is unusually high. 
D)  It prevents cells and proteins from entering Bowman's capsule. 
E)  It occurs because glomerular capillaries are less permeable to water than other capillary beds in the body. 
A)  It produces the renal filtrate. 
B)  It involves the movement of water, ions, and small molecules out of glomerular capillaries and into Bowman's capsule. 
C)  It occurs because pressure in glomerular capillaries is unusually high. 
D)  It prevents cells and proteins from entering Bowman's capsule. 
E)  It occurs because glomerular capillaries are less permeable to water than other capillary beds in the body.

Question 14

Which is not one of the results of the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreased reabsorption of sodium 
B)  Decreased water in the urine 
C)  Decreased reabsorption of water 
D)  Lowered blood volume 
E)  Lowered blood pressure 
A)  Decreased reabsorption of sodium 
B)  Decreased water in the urine 
C)  Decreased reabsorption of water 
D)  Lowered blood volume 
E)  Lowered blood pressure

Question 15

During filtration in the vertebrate kidney, water and small solutes move from capillaries of the glomerulus into _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During filtration in the vertebrate kidney, water...

Question 16

Which substance does not ultimately increase blood volume and blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 
B)  Aldosterone 
C)  Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 
D)  Angiotensin 
E)  Renin 
A)  Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 
B)  Aldosterone 
C)  Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 
D)  Angiotensin 
E)  Renin

Question 17

Which statement about renal filtration is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Filtrate entering the renal tubule is similar in composition to that of blood plasma, except that it lacks proteins. 
B)  Glucose, amino acids, and excess ions are actively secreted into the renal tubule. 
C)  During secretion, substances move from blood to filtrate. 
D)  During reabsorption, substances move from filtrate to blood. 
E)  Filtrate processed from individual nephrons enters collecting ducts. 
A)  Filtrate entering the renal tubule is similar in composition to that of blood plasma, except that it lacks proteins. 
B)  Glucose, amino acids, and excess ions are actively secreted into the renal tubule. 
C)  During secretion, substances move from blood to filtrate. 
D)  During reabsorption, substances move from filtrate to blood. 
E)  Filtrate processed from individual nephrons enters collecting ducts.

Question 18

Which group of animals would be most suitable for a study of ammonia excretion?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cartilaginous fishes 
B)  Bony fishes 
C)  Mammals 
D)  Birds 
E)  Insects 
A)  Cartilaginous fishes 
B)  Bony fishes 
C)  Mammals 
D)  Birds 
E)  Insects

Question 19

Anadromous bony fish, such as shad, leave the ocean and return to their natal freshwater streams to breed.Given this change in environment from salt water to freshwater, you would expect to see all of the following changes in their osmoregulation except

Accepted Answer

A)  increased drinking rate. 
B)  decreased concentration of urine. 
C)  change in the direction of ion-pumping across gills to draw more ions from the water, moving them into the blood. 
D)  increased absorption of ions in their guts. 
E)  increased amount of urine. 
A)  increased drinking rate. 
B)  decreased concentration of urine. 
C)  change in the direction of ion-pumping across gills to draw more ions from the water, moving them into the blood. 
D)  increased absorption of ions in their guts. 
E)  increased amount of urine.

Question 20

Choose the incorrect pairing between blood vessel and function with respect to a nephron.

Accepted Answer

A)  Efferent arteriole-carries blood away from the glomerulus 
B)  Glomerular capillaries-site of blood filtration 
C)  Peritubular capillaries-deliver substances to renal tubule for reabsorption and carry away substances from secretion 
D)  Renal venule-drains peritubular capillaries 
E)  Afferent arteriole-delivers blood to the glomerulus 
A)  Efferent arteriole-carries blood away from the glomerulus 
B)  Glomerular capillaries-site of blood filtration 
C)  Peritubular capillaries-deliver substances to renal tubule for reabsorption and carry away substances from secretion 
D)  Renal venule-drains peritubular capillaries 
E)  Afferent arteriole-delivers blood to the glomerulus

Exam 51: Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Which structure plays an increasing role in urination as toddlers develop?

Refer to the figure of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the mammalian kidney. Based on the figure, which statement is true?

Coelomic fluid in the earthworm contains nitrogenous waste, which enters the metanephridium for processing by the action of cilia surrounding the _______.

A scientist interested in studying how animals excrete ammonia as nitrogenous waste should select a study species from which group?

In the excretory system of flatworms, filtration of extracellular fluid occurs

Which statement about insect excretory systems is false?

Which feature does not characterize antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Refer to the figure of the human kidney. Based on the figure, which statement is false?

Mechanisms for the active transport of water

Which event happens in the collecting ducts of the mammalian kidney?

Which physiological response would not correct for a drop in glomerular blood pressure?

Which statement about the kidneys' role in acid-base balance is false?

Which feature does not characterize filtration by nephrons?

Which is not one of the results of the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

During filtration in the vertebrate kidney, water and small solutes move from capillaries of the glomerulus into _______.

Which substance does not ultimately increase blood volume and blood pressure?

Which statement about renal filtration is false?

Which group of animals would be most suitable for a study of ammonia excretion?

Anadromous bony fish, such as shad, leave the ocean and return to their natal freshwater streams to breed.Given this change in environment from salt water to freshwater, you would expect to see all of the following changes in their osmoregulation except

Choose the incorrect pairing between blood vessel and function with respect to a nephron.

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