Question 1

Refer to the figure showing the excretory systems of flatworms.   Based on the figure, which statement is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The structures at point 5 cause slight negative pressure within the tubules. 
B)  Extracellular fluid enters the protonephridium at point 2. 
C)  Filtration occurs at point 3. 
D)  The structure at point 6 is a flame cell. 
E)  Reabsorption of solutes occurs at point 1. 
A)  The structures at point 5 cause slight negative pressure within the tubules. 
B)  Extracellular fluid enters the protonephridium at point 2. 
C)  Filtration occurs at point 3. 
D)  The structure at point 6 is a flame cell. 
E)  Reabsorption of solutes occurs at point 1.

Question 2

Like aldosterone released from the adrenal cortex, the hormone _______, which is released from the posterior pituitary, increases blood volume and blood pressure.

Accepted Answer

antidiuret

Question 3

Cells of the hindgut and rectum of insects actively transport Na+ and K+ back to extracellular fluid, and _______ follow(s).

Accepted Answer

A)  water 
B)  uric acid 
C)  urea 
D)  ammonia 
E)  salts 
A)  water 
B)  uric acid 
C)  urea 
D)  ammonia 
E)  salts

Question 4

Choose the correct pairing of a similarity of marine and freshwater bony fishes, and a difference between them.

Accepted Answer

A)  Both lose uric acid across their gills-marine bony fishes produce a minimal amount of urine, whereas freshwater bony fishes produce a copious amount of dilute urine 
B)  Both lose ammonia across their gills-marine bony fishes produce a minimal amount of urine, whereas freshwater bony fishes produce a copious amount of dilute urine 
C)  Both raise osmolarity of their body fluids-marine bony fishes produce a minimal amount of urine, whereas freshwater bony fishes produce a copious amount of dilute urine 
D)  Both raise osmolarity of their body fluids-marine bony fishes excrete excess salt across their gills, whereas freshwater bony fishes conserve salt 
E)  Both lose ammonia across their gills-freshwater bony fishes produce a minimal amount of urine, whereas marine bony fishes produce a copious amount of dilute urine 
A)  Both lose uric acid across their gills-marine bony fishes produce a minimal amount of urine, whereas freshwater bony fishes produce a copious amount of dilute urine 
B)  Both lose ammonia across their gills-marine bony fishes produce a minimal amount of urine, whereas freshwater bony fishes produce a copious amount of dilute urine 
C)  Both raise osmolarity of their body fluids-marine bony fishes produce a minimal amount of urine, whereas freshwater bony fishes produce a copious amount of dilute urine 
D)  Both raise osmolarity of their body fluids-marine bony fishes excrete excess salt across their gills, whereas freshwater bony fishes conserve salt 
E)  Both lose ammonia across their gills-freshwater bony fishes produce a minimal amount of urine, whereas marine bony fishes produce a copious amount of dilute urine

Question 5

Choose the correct order of structures through which water and small molecules pass when moving from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule.

Accepted Answer

A)  Spaces between podocytes, basal lamina, fenestrations in walls of Bowman's capsule 
B)  Spaces between podocytes, fenestrations in walls of Bowman's capsule, basal lamina 
C)  Fenestrations in capillary walls, basal lamina, spaces between podocytes 
D)  Fenestrations in capillary walls, spaces between podocytes, basal lamina 
E)  Fenestrations in peritubular capillary walls, spaces between podocytes, basal lamina 
A)  Spaces between podocytes, basal lamina, fenestrations in walls of Bowman's capsule 
B)  Spaces between podocytes, fenestrations in walls of Bowman's capsule, basal lamina 
C)  Fenestrations in capillary walls, basal lamina, spaces between podocytes 
D)  Fenestrations in capillary walls, spaces between podocytes, basal lamina 
E)  Fenestrations in peritubular capillary walls, spaces between podocytes, basal lamina

Question 6

Reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules is facilitated by _______, which increase surface area in the cells lining the tubules.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules is...

Question 7

Water flows up a(n) _______ gradient and down a pressure gradient.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Water flows up a(n) _______ gradient and...

Question 8

The presence of _______ in a person's urine sample might suggest problems with glomerular filtration.

Accepted Answer

A)  water 
B)  glucose 
C)  ions 
D)  amino acids 
E)  red blood cells 
A)  water 
B)  glucose 
C)  ions 
D)  amino acids 
E)  red blood cells

Question 9

Which feature does not characterize marine bony fishes?

Accepted Answer

A)  They cope with ingestion of large salt loads by not absorbing certain ingested ions. 
B)  They osmoregulate such that their extracellular fluid is one-third to one-half the osmolarity of seawater. 
C)  They produce urine that is more concentrated than their extracellular fluid. 
D)  They excrete NaCl across gill membranes. 
E)  They minimize water loss by producing small amounts of urine. 
A)  They cope with ingestion of large salt loads by not absorbing certain ingested ions. 
B)  They osmoregulate such that their extracellular fluid is one-third to one-half the osmolarity of seawater. 
C)  They produce urine that is more concentrated than their extracellular fluid. 
D)  They excrete NaCl across gill membranes. 
E)  They minimize water loss by producing small amounts of urine.

Question 10

Refer to the figure of the human kidney.   Based on the figure, which statement is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Filtration by nephrons occurs within the structure at point 1. 
B)  The structure at point 2 contains distal convoluted tubules. 
C)  Bowman's capsules occur within the structure at point 1. 
D)  The structure at point 5 receives urine from collecting ducts. 
E)  The structure at point 1 contains proximal convoluted tubules. 
A)  Filtration by nephrons occurs within the structure at point 1. 
B)  The structure at point 2 contains distal convoluted tubules. 
C)  Bowman's capsules occur within the structure at point 1. 
D)  The structure at point 5 receives urine from collecting ducts. 
E)  The structure at point 1 contains proximal convoluted tubules.

Question 11

Which statement regarding the human kidneys is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  As urine passes through collecting ducts, water leaves due to the concentration gradient established in the medulla. 
B)  Sodium chloride diffuses out of the thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle. 
C)  Sodium chloride is actively transported out of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. 
D)  Although the descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water, the ascending limb is not. 
E)  The urine passing through the collecting ducts is more concentrated than the surrounding interstitial fluid in the medulla, so water moves out of collecting ducts. 
A)  As urine passes through collecting ducts, water leaves due to the concentration gradient established in the medulla. 
B)  Sodium chloride diffuses out of the thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle. 
C)  Sodium chloride is actively transported out of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. 
D)  Although the descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water, the ascending limb is not. 
E)  The urine passing through the collecting ducts is more concentrated than the surrounding interstitial fluid in the medulla, so water moves out of collecting ducts.

Question 12

Cells of the _______ are like those in the proximal convoluted tubule in being specialized for transport.These cells actively transport _______ and Cl- from the filtrate to the interstitial fluid.

Accepted Answer

A)  thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle; Na+ 
B)  thin descending limb of the loop of Henle; water 
C)  thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle; Na+ 
D)  thick descending limb of the loop of Henle; urea 
E)  hairpin turn of the loop of Henle; water 
A)  thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle; Na+ 
B)  thin descending limb of the loop of Henle; water 
C)  thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle; Na+ 
D)  thick descending limb of the loop of Henle; urea 
E)  hairpin turn of the loop of Henle; water

Question 13

Refer to the figure showing the excretory systems of flatworms.   Identify structures 5 and 6.What is the functional link between these structures and point 3?

Accepted Answer

Structure 6 is a flame cell. Flame cells

Question 14

Which feature does not characterize renin?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is an enzyme. 
B)  It is released when glomerular filtration rate is low. 
C)  In the blood, it converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. 
D)  Its release is stimulated when macula densa cells detect concentrated fluid in the distal convoluted tubule. 
E)  It is released by cells adjacent to the afferent arteriole bringing blood to the glomerulus. 
A)  It is an enzyme. 
B)  It is released when glomerular filtration rate is low. 
C)  In the blood, it converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. 
D)  Its release is stimulated when macula densa cells detect concentrated fluid in the distal convoluted tubule. 
E)  It is released by cells adjacent to the afferent arteriole bringing blood to the glomerulus.

Question 15

A urinalysis assesses the physical and chemical properties of urine.If such an analysis in a patient revealed abnormally high levels of protein in the urine, which part of the nephrons and their associated blood vessels might be damaged?

Accepted Answer

A)  Efferent arteriole 
B)  Glomerular filter 
C)  Renal tubule 
D)  Collecting duct 
E)  Peritubular capillaries 
A)  Efferent arteriole 
B)  Glomerular filter 
C)  Renal tubule 
D)  Collecting duct 
E)  Peritubular capillaries

Question 16

Which feature does not characterize the proximal convoluted tubule?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is responsible for most of the reabsorption of water and solutes from the filtrate. 
B)  It has cells with numerous microvilli on their apical surfaces, indicating it is a site for reabsorption. 
C)  It performs isosmotic reabsorption. 
D)  It has cells with numerous mitochondria, indicating they are metabolically very active. 
E)  Because of its activities, fluid entering the loop of Henle has the same osmolarity and composition as blood plasma. 
A)  It is responsible for most of the reabsorption of water and solutes from the filtrate. 
B)  It has cells with numerous microvilli on their apical surfaces, indicating it is a site for reabsorption. 
C)  It performs isosmotic reabsorption. 
D)  It has cells with numerous mitochondria, indicating they are metabolically very active. 
E)  Because of its activities, fluid entering the loop of Henle has the same osmolarity and composition as blood plasma.

Question 17

Refer to the figure of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the mammalian kidney.   Evaluate the following statement: Aquaporins are present in region 3, but not in region 4.

Accepted Answer

The statement is correct. Aqua

Question 18

Refer to the figure of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the mammalian kidney.   With respect to movements of ions and water, how are regions 1 and 4 similar, and how are they different?

Accepted Answer

Regions 1 and 4 are similar in

Question 19

Your study partner tells you that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) acts in opposition to aldosterone.Given this clue, what does ANP do?

Accepted Answer

Whereas aldosterone increases Na⁺ reabsor

Question 20

The _______ of marine bony fishes are the sites of active excretion of salts and loss of ammonia.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _______ of marine bony fishes are...

Exam 51: Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Refer to the figure showing the excretory systems of flatworms. Based on the figure, which statement is false?

Like aldosterone released from the adrenal cortex, the hormone _______, which is released from the posterior pituitary, increases blood volume and blood pressure.

Cells of the hindgut and rectum of insects actively transport Na+ and K+ back to extracellular fluid, and _______ follow(s).

Choose the correct pairing of a similarity of marine and freshwater bony fishes, and a difference between them.

Choose the correct order of structures through which water and small molecules pass when moving from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule.

Reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules is facilitated by _______, which increase surface area in the cells lining the tubules.

Water flows up a(n) _______ gradient and down a pressure gradient.

The presence of _______ in a person's urine sample might suggest problems with glomerular filtration.

Which feature does not characterize marine bony fishes?

Refer to the figure of the human kidney. Based on the figure, which statement is false?

Which statement regarding the human kidneys is false?

Cells of the _______ are like those in the proximal convoluted tubule in being specialized for transport.These cells actively transport _______ and Cl- from the filtrate to the interstitial fluid.

Refer to the figure showing the excretory systems of flatworms. Identify structures 5 and 6.What is the functional link between these structures and point 3?

Which feature does not characterize renin?

A urinalysis assesses the physical and chemical properties of urine.If such an analysis in a patient revealed abnormally high levels of protein in the urine, which part of the nephrons and their associated blood vessels might be damaged?

Which feature does not characterize the proximal convoluted tubule?

Refer to the figure of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the mammalian kidney. Evaluate the following statement: Aquaporins are present in region 3, but not in region 4.

Refer to the figure of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the mammalian kidney. With respect to movements of ions and water, how are regions 1 and 4 similar, and how are they different?

Your study partner tells you that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) acts in opposition to aldosterone.Given this clue, what does ANP do?

The _______ of marine bony fishes are the sites of active excretion of salts and loss of ammonia.

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Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

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Filters

Cells of the hindgut and rectum of insects actively transport Na⁺ and K⁺ back to extracellular fluid, and _______ follow(s).

Cells of the _ are like those in the proximal convoluted tubule in being specialized for transport.These cells actively transport _ and Cl^- from the filtrate to the interstitial fluid.