Question 1

If the extracellular fluid has a solute concentration lower than that of a cell's cytoplasm, then

Accepted Answer

A)  water leaves the cell. 
B)  there is no net movement of water into or out of the cell. 
C)  water moves into the cell. 
D)  the cell shrinks. 
E)  the solute diffuses into the cell. 
A)  water leaves the cell. 
B)  there is no net movement of water into or out of the cell. 
C)  water moves into the cell. 
D)  the cell shrinks. 
E)  the solute diffuses into the cell.

Question 2

Refer to the figure of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the mammalian kidney.   Based on the figure, which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Water leaves the renal tubule by osmosis between points 5 and 6. 
B)  Reabsorption of sodium chloride occurs at point 3. 
C)  Aquaporins are especially scarce at point 1. 
D)  Sodium chloride is actively transported into the tubule at point 4. 
E)  Aquaporins are especially numerous at point 4. 
A)  Water leaves the renal tubule by osmosis between points 5 and 6. 
B)  Reabsorption of sodium chloride occurs at point 3. 
C)  Aquaporins are especially scarce at point 1. 
D)  Sodium chloride is actively transported into the tubule at point 4. 
E)  Aquaporins are especially numerous at point 4.

Question 3

Which statement about the movement of water is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  During filtration, water moves due to a difference in pressure. 
B)  There are no mechanisms for the active transport of water. 
C)  Water molecules move down a solute concentration gradient. 
D)  During osmosis, water moves due to a difference in solute concentration. 
E)  Water molecules move down a pressure gradient. 
A)  During filtration, water moves due to a difference in pressure. 
B)  There are no mechanisms for the active transport of water. 
C)  Water molecules move down a solute concentration gradient. 
D)  During osmosis, water moves due to a difference in solute concentration. 
E)  Water molecules move down a pressure gradient.

Question 4

The kidneys help regulate acid-base balance by removing _______ from the blood and returning _______ to the blood.

Accepted Answer

A)  CO2; HCO3- 
B)  H+; HCO3- 
C)  H+; CO2 
D)  HCO3-; H+ 
E)  HCO3-; H2CO3 
A)  CO2; HCO3- 
B)  H+; HCO3- 
C)  H+; CO2 
D)  HCO3-; H+ 
E)  HCO3-; H2CO3

Question 5

A person experiencing the first symptoms of gout usually develops inflammation in joints of the extremities rather than in joints closer to the body core because

Accepted Answer

A)  urea is more soluble at lower temperatures. 
B)  uric acid is less soluble at lower temperatures. 
C)  urea is more rapidly converted to uric acid at lower temperatures. 
D)  uric acid is more soluble at lower temperatures. 
E)  ammonia is less soluble at lower temperatures. 
A)  urea is more soluble at lower temperatures. 
B)  uric acid is less soluble at lower temperatures. 
C)  urea is more rapidly converted to uric acid at lower temperatures. 
D)  uric acid is more soluble at lower temperatures. 
E)  ammonia is less soluble at lower temperatures.

Question 6

For which animal group would regulating the volume, solute concentration, and composition of extracellular fluids pose the least challenge?

Accepted Answer

A)  Marine invertebrates 
B)  Marine vertebrates 
C)  Freshwater invertebrates 
D)  Freshwater vertebrates 
E)  Terrestrial invertebrates 
A)  Marine invertebrates 
B)  Marine vertebrates 
C)  Freshwater invertebrates 
D)  Freshwater vertebrates 
E)  Terrestrial invertebrates

Question 7

In addition to producing water and carbon dioxide, the metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids produces nitrogenous waste, most frequently in the form of _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In addition to producing water and carbon...

Question 8

Which symptom would likely not be present in a patient with renal failure?

Accepted Answer

A)  High blood pressure 
B)  Retention of urea 
C)  Retention of salts 
D)  Decreasing pH 
E)  Dehydration 
A)  High blood pressure 
B)  Retention of urea 
C)  Retention of salts 
D)  Decreasing pH 
E)  Dehydration

Question 9

During renal dialysis, wastes diffuse from the _______ into the dialysis fluid.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During renal dialysis, wastes diffuse from the...

Question 10

Which regions of the nephron fine-tune the ionic composition of urine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct 
B)  Proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle 
C)  Collecting duct and proximal convoluted tubule 
D)  Loop of Henle and collecting duct 
E)  Bowman's capsule and proximal convoluted tubule 
A)  Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct 
B)  Proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle 
C)  Collecting duct and proximal convoluted tubule 
D)  Loop of Henle and collecting duct 
E)  Bowman's capsule and proximal convoluted tubule

Question 11

Aquaporins are not abundant in the region of the nephron known as the _______ limb of the loop of Henle.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Aquaporins are not abundant in the region...

Question 12

If you were a physician advising one of your patients with gout, what dietary advice would you give, and why?

Accepted Answer

You should advise your patient

Question 13

Which is an incorrect pairing between structure in the earthworm and its description?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nephrostome: area of the tubule of a metanephridium where reabsorption and secretion occur 
B)  Metanephridium: excretory structure that processes coelomic fluid 
C)  Coelom: fluid-filled body cavity 
D)  Nephridiopore: location where urine exits the body 
E)  Capillaries: site of filtration of blood into the coelom 
A)  Nephrostome: area of the tubule of a metanephridium where reabsorption and secretion occur 
B)  Metanephridium: excretory structure that processes coelomic fluid 
C)  Coelom: fluid-filled body cavity 
D)  Nephridiopore: location where urine exits the body 
E)  Capillaries: site of filtration of blood into the coelom

Question 14

Which adaptation is not one of the water conservation adaptations of amphibians living in dry environments?

Accepted Answer

A)  Waxy secretions on the skin 
B)  Estivation during dry periods 
C)  Kidneys produce concentrated urine 
D)  Burrowing into the ground 
E)  Large urinary bladders 
A)  Waxy secretions on the skin 
B)  Estivation during dry periods 
C)  Kidneys produce concentrated urine 
D)  Burrowing into the ground 
E)  Large urinary bladders

Question 15

Which statement about the excretory system of annelids is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Under pressure, blood is filtered across capillary walls into the coelom. 
B)  Pressure from the closed circulatory system forces coelomic fluid into the metanephridia. 
C)  Each segment has two metanephridia. 
D)  As coelomic fluid passes through tubules, its composition is modified through reabsorption and secretion by tubule cells. 
E)  Ammonia diffuses directly from tissues into the coelom. 
A)  Under pressure, blood is filtered across capillary walls into the coelom. 
B)  Pressure from the closed circulatory system forces coelomic fluid into the metanephridia. 
C)  Each segment has two metanephridia. 
D)  As coelomic fluid passes through tubules, its composition is modified through reabsorption and secretion by tubule cells. 
E)  Ammonia diffuses directly from tissues into the coelom.

Question 16

Which structures do not play a role in renal filtration?

Accepted Answer

A)  Walls of glomerular capillaries 
B)  Podocytes 
C)  Basal laminae of glomerular capillaries 
D)  Collecting ducts 
E)  Bowman's capsules 
A)  Walls of glomerular capillaries 
B)  Podocytes 
C)  Basal laminae of glomerular capillaries 
D)  Collecting ducts 
E)  Bowman's capsules

Question 17

Which component(s) is/are responsible for the solute concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid of the medulla?

Accepted Answer

A)  Urine 
B)  Amino acids 
C)  NaCl and urea 
D)  Glucose 
E)  Glucose and amino acids 
A)  Urine 
B)  Amino acids 
C)  NaCl and urea 
D)  Glucose 
E)  Glucose and amino acids

Question 18

The lower portion of the _______ is permeable to urea, which diffuses into the interstitial fluid of the medulla.

Accepted Answer

A)  renal pyramid 
B)  proximal convoluted tubule 
C)  distal convoluted tubule 
D)  loop of Henle 
E)  collecting duct 
A)  renal pyramid 
B)  proximal convoluted tubule 
C)  distal convoluted tubule 
D)  loop of Henle 
E)  collecting duct

Question 19

In the excretory system of an earthworm, coelomic fluid enters the _______, flows through tubules whose cells alter its composition, and then exits the animal via the _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  nephridiopores; nephrostomes 
B)  nephrostomes; bladders 
C)  nephridiopores; excretory pores 
D)  nephrostomes; nephridiopores 
E)  nephrostomes; collecting tubules 
A)  nephridiopores; nephrostomes 
B)  nephrostomes; bladders 
C)  nephridiopores; excretory pores 
D)  nephrostomes; nephridiopores 
E)  nephrostomes; collecting tubules

Question 20

Refer to the figure showing how kidneys help maintain acid-base balance.   Choose the correct list of the structures and elements involved in maintaining acid-base balance in the kidneys, and that are in the same order as the numbers 1-4 in the figure.

Accepted Answer

A)  Interstitial fluids, renal tubule cell, renal tubule lumen, collecting duct 
B)  Renal tubule cell, collecting duct, interstitial fluids, blood capillary 
C)  Interstitial fluids, capillary, renal tubule lumen, collecting duct 
D)  Renal tubule lumen, renal tubule cell, interstitial fluids, blood capillary 
E)  Renal tubule lumen, renal tubule cell, interstitial fluids, collecting duct 
A)  Interstitial fluids, renal tubule cell, renal tubule lumen, collecting duct 
B)  Renal tubule cell, collecting duct, interstitial fluids, blood capillary 
C)  Interstitial fluids, capillary, renal tubule lumen, collecting duct 
D)  Renal tubule lumen, renal tubule cell, interstitial fluids, blood capillary 
E)  Renal tubule lumen, renal tubule cell, interstitial fluids, collecting duct

Exam 51: Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

If the extracellular fluid has a solute concentration lower than that of a cell's cytoplasm, then

Refer to the figure of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the mammalian kidney. Based on the figure, which statement is true?

Which statement about the movement of water is false?

The kidneys help regulate acid-base balance by removing _______ from the blood and returning _______ to the blood.

A person experiencing the first symptoms of gout usually develops inflammation in joints of the extremities rather than in joints closer to the body core because

For which animal group would regulating the volume, solute concentration, and composition of extracellular fluids pose the least challenge?

In addition to producing water and carbon dioxide, the metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids produces nitrogenous waste, most frequently in the form of _______.

Which symptom would likely not be present in a patient with renal failure?

During renal dialysis, wastes diffuse from the _______ into the dialysis fluid.

Which regions of the nephron fine-tune the ionic composition of urine?

Aquaporins are not abundant in the region of the nephron known as the _______ limb of the loop of Henle.

If you were a physician advising one of your patients with gout, what dietary advice would you give, and why?

Which is an incorrect pairing between structure in the earthworm and its description?

Which adaptation is not one of the water conservation adaptations of amphibians living in dry environments?

Which statement about the excretory system of annelids is false?

Which structures do not play a role in renal filtration?

Which component(s) is/are responsible for the solute concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid of the medulla?

The lower portion of the _______ is permeable to urea, which diffuses into the interstitial fluid of the medulla.

In the excretory system of an earthworm, coelomic fluid enters the _______, flows through tubules whose cells alter its composition, and then exits the animal via the _______.

Refer to the figure showing how kidneys help maintain acid-base balance. Choose the correct list of the structures and elements involved in maintaining acid-base balance in the kidneys, and that are in the same order as the numbers 1-4 in the figure.

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

Species Interactions

Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

Filters

The kidneys help regulate acid-base balance by removing _ from the blood and returning _ to the blood.

In the excretory system of an earthworm, coelomic fluid enters the _, flows through tubules whose cells alter its composition, and then exits the animal via the _.