Question 1

If the acidity of the stomach is neutralized by antacids and acid-blockers,

Accepted Answer

A)  pepsin will not be converted to pepsinogen. 
B)  a person will be more prone to ulcers. 
C)  micelles will not contain enterokinase. 
D)  pepsinogen will not be converted to pepsin. 
E)  carboxypeptidase will not break proteins down to peptides and amino acids. 
A)  pepsin will not be converted to pepsinogen. 
B)  a person will be more prone to ulcers. 
C)  micelles will not contain enterokinase. 
D)  pepsinogen will not be converted to pepsin. 
E)  carboxypeptidase will not break proteins down to peptides and amino acids.

Question 2

Which statement about movement of food in the gut is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  There are two sphincters in the vertebrate gut, one at the anterior end and one at the posterior end. 
B)  Peristalsis is under voluntary control. 
C)  Smooth muscle of the gut contracts in response to being stretched. 
D)  Peristalsis begins when food enters the glottis. 
E)  The muscle in a sphincter is normally relaxed. 
A)  There are two sphincters in the vertebrate gut, one at the anterior end and one at the posterior end. 
B)  Peristalsis is under voluntary control. 
C)  Smooth muscle of the gut contracts in response to being stretched. 
D)  Peristalsis begins when food enters the glottis. 
E)  The muscle in a sphincter is normally relaxed.

Question 3

Which statement about the digestive system is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mammalian herbivores with microorganisms in their cecum for breaking down cellulose have more efficient absorption of some nutrients than occurs in ruminants. 
B)  The colon absorbs inorganic ions and water. 
C)  Ruminants reingest cecal feces. 
D)  Constipation results when the colon absorbs too little water. 
E)  The colon of humans has become the appendix. 
A)  Mammalian herbivores with microorganisms in their cecum for breaking down cellulose have more efficient absorption of some nutrients than occurs in ruminants. 
B)  The colon absorbs inorganic ions and water. 
C)  Ruminants reingest cecal feces. 
D)  Constipation results when the colon absorbs too little water. 
E)  The colon of humans has become the appendix.

Question 4

Which feature characterizes secretin?

Accepted Answer

A)  It was discovered recently. 
B)  Its release is prompted by rising pH. 
C)  It is secreted by the stomach. 
D)  It stimulates the pancreas to secrete a bicarbonate-rich solution. 
E)  A high pH in the stomach stimulates its release. 
A)  It was discovered recently. 
B)  Its release is prompted by rising pH. 
C)  It is secreted by the stomach. 
D)  It stimulates the pancreas to secrete a bicarbonate-rich solution. 
E)  A high pH in the stomach stimulates its release.

Question 5

Which statement about cells and secretions of the human stomach is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chief cells secrete pepsin as an active enzyme. 
B)  Newly activated pepsin converts pepsinogen to pepsin in a positive feedback process called autocatalysis. 
C)  Mucus secreted by cells lining the gastric pits lowers the pH of the stomach contents. 
D)  Low pH initiates the conversion from pepsin to pepsinogen. 
E)  Parietal cells secrete mucus. 
A)  Chief cells secrete pepsin as an active enzyme. 
B)  Newly activated pepsin converts pepsinogen to pepsin in a positive feedback process called autocatalysis. 
C)  Mucus secreted by cells lining the gastric pits lowers the pH of the stomach contents. 
D)  Low pH initiates the conversion from pepsin to pepsinogen. 
E)  Parietal cells secrete mucus.

Question 6

Starch is broken down by the enzyme _______, which is secreted by the _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  amylase; stomach 
B)  pepsin; stomach 
C)  amylase; salivary glands 
D)  carbonic anhydrase; salivary glands 
E)  trypsin; stomach 
A)  amylase; stomach 
B)  pepsin; stomach 
C)  amylase; salivary glands 
D)  carbonic anhydrase; salivary glands 
E)  trypsin; stomach

Question 7

Refer to the table.In mice, a single-gene mutation can lead to obesity.The Ob gene codes for the protein leptin.The recessive ob allele is a loss-of-function allele, so ob/ob mice do not produce leptin and they become obese.In an experiment, leptin was injected into ob/ob and Ob/Ob (wild-type) mice daily.The data in the table below were collected before the injections began (baseline) and 10 days later.(Assume that the Ob allele is dominant.)   Researchers found that levels of the hormone leptin are high in the bloodstreams of most overweight humans.Based on the data in the table from the experiment on mice, what is a likely explanation for this observation in humans?

Accepted Answer

A)  All the humans in the study were male. 
B)  The overweight individuals were ob/ob. 
C)  The overweight individuals were Ob/ob. 
D)  The leptin receptors in the overweight individuals had reduced sensitivity to leptin. 
E)  The individuals in the study lacked the leptin gene. 
A)  All the humans in the study were male. 
B)  The overweight individuals were ob/ob. 
C)  The overweight individuals were Ob/ob. 
D)  The leptin receptors in the overweight individuals had reduced sensitivity to leptin. 
E)  The individuals in the study lacked the leptin gene.

Question 8

Choose the correct pairing between tooth type and function.

Accepted Answer

A)  Canines: cutting and chopping 
B)  Premolars: gnawing 
C)  Molars; grinding 
D)  Incisors: ripping and stabbing 
E)  Cheek teeth: cutting 
A)  Canines: cutting and chopping 
B)  Premolars: gnawing 
C)  Molars; grinding 
D)  Incisors: ripping and stabbing 
E)  Cheek teeth: cutting

Question 9

Refer to the figure.   The animals shown in the figure are most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  saprobes that engulf food and perform intracellular digestion. 
B)  autotrophs that utilize microorganisms to perform extracellular digestion. 
C)  herbivores that ingest food and perform extracellular digestion. 
D)  detritivores that ingest food and perform intracellular digestion. 
E)  omnivores that ingest both plants and animals and exhibit intracellular digestion. 
A)  saprobes that engulf food and perform intracellular digestion. 
B)  autotrophs that utilize microorganisms to perform extracellular digestion. 
C)  herbivores that ingest food and perform extracellular digestion. 
D)  detritivores that ingest food and perform intracellular digestion. 
E)  omnivores that ingest both plants and animals and exhibit intracellular digestion.

Question 10

A wave of smooth muscle contraction called _______ pushes food along the digestive tract.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A wave of smooth muscle contraction called...

Question 11

Which disease differs from the others in terms of the kind of deficiency that causes it?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pellagra 
B)  Rickets 
C)  Goiter 
D)  Pernicious anemia 
E)  Beriberi 
A)  Pellagra 
B)  Rickets 
C)  Goiter 
D)  Pernicious anemia 
E)  Beriberi

Question 12

The nutritional disease kwashiorkor, in which the body starts to metabolize some of the molecules of its own body, results from a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  protein deficiency. 
B)  vitamin deficiency. 
C)  mineral deficiency. 
D)  overdose of fat-soluble vitamins. 
E)  overdose of thyroxine. 
A)  protein deficiency. 
B)  vitamin deficiency. 
C)  mineral deficiency. 
D)  overdose of fat-soluble vitamins. 
E)  overdose of thyroxine.

Question 13

Which statement about herbivores is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They spend a short amount of time feeding compared to time spent hunting for food. 
B)  They eat food that is higher in energy than the food eaten by a carnivore. 
C)  They often possess mouthparts for grinding, rasping, shredding, or cutting. 
D)  They process small amounts of food. 
E)  They have short guts because plants are easy to digest. 
A)  They spend a short amount of time feeding compared to time spent hunting for food. 
B)  They eat food that is higher in energy than the food eaten by a carnivore. 
C)  They often possess mouthparts for grinding, rasping, shredding, or cutting. 
D)  They process small amounts of food. 
E)  They have short guts because plants are easy to digest.

Question 14

Which statement about nutrient absorption in the small intestine is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Solvent drag occurs when lipids are transported by the flow of water between epithelial cells. 
B)  Chylomicrons leave epithelial cells by exocytosis and enter the lymphatic system, where they remain until broken down by white blood cells. 
C)  Symporters transport H+ and hitchhiking molecules, such as amino acids or monosaccharides, out of the epithelial cells. 
D)  Products of fat digestion pass through the plasma membranes of microvilli and are resynthesized into triglycerides. 
E)  A chylomicron is a complex of sugars and cholesterol. 
A)  Solvent drag occurs when lipids are transported by the flow of water between epithelial cells. 
B)  Chylomicrons leave epithelial cells by exocytosis and enter the lymphatic system, where they remain until broken down by white blood cells. 
C)  Symporters transport H+ and hitchhiking molecules, such as amino acids or monosaccharides, out of the epithelial cells. 
D)  Products of fat digestion pass through the plasma membranes of microvilli and are resynthesized into triglycerides. 
E)  A chylomicron is a complex of sugars and cholesterol.

Question 15

Imagine you are working as a consultant for a pharmaceutical company with the goal of developing a new weight-loss drug.You decide to try to trigger a sense of fullness or satiety.To do this you might design a drug to mimic the activity of

Accepted Answer

A)  gastrin. 
B)  ghrelin. 
C)  secretin. 
D)  cholecystokinin. 
E)  leptin. 
A)  gastrin. 
B)  ghrelin. 
C)  secretin. 
D)  cholecystokinin. 
E)  leptin.

Question 16

Which statement about lipoproteins is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lipoproteins move fats from storage sites to sites where they are used. 
B)  Lipoproteins have a hydrophilic core of cholesterol and fat. 
C)  High-density lipoproteins are "bad" lipoproteins. 
D)  Low-density lipoproteins are "good" lipoproteins. 
E)  The liver is solely responsible for the synthesis of lipoproteins. 
A)  Lipoproteins move fats from storage sites to sites where they are used. 
B)  Lipoproteins have a hydrophilic core of cholesterol and fat. 
C)  High-density lipoproteins are "bad" lipoproteins. 
D)  Low-density lipoproteins are "good" lipoproteins. 
E)  The liver is solely responsible for the synthesis of lipoproteins.

Question 17

A fundamental difference between saprobes and detritivores is that

Accepted Answer

A)  saprobes have long snouts that allow them access to food that is unavailable to detritivores. 
B)  saprobes absorb nutrients primarily from living organisms. 
C)  detritivores are primarily bacteria. 
D)  detritivores seek out dead organic items and actively eat them. 
E)  detritivores include fungi but no animal species. 
A)  saprobes have long snouts that allow them access to food that is unavailable to detritivores. 
B)  saprobes absorb nutrients primarily from living organisms. 
C)  detritivores are primarily bacteria. 
D)  detritivores seek out dead organic items and actively eat them. 
E)  detritivores include fungi but no animal species.

Question 18

Bile salts emulsify dietary fats into

Accepted Answer

A)  micelles. 
B)  fatty acids. 
C)  monoglycerides. 
D)  triglycerides. 
E)  phospholipids. 
A)  micelles. 
B)  fatty acids. 
C)  monoglycerides. 
D)  triglycerides. 
E)  phospholipids.

Question 19

When a food bolus contacts the _______, swallowing reflexes begin.

Accepted Answer

A)  hard palate 
B)  soft palate 
C)  tongue 
D)  pharynx 
E)  lips 
A)  hard palate 
B)  soft palate 
C)  tongue 
D)  pharynx 
E)  lips

Question 20

Which statement about the hormonal control of fuel metabolism is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  During the absorptive period, the liver converts glycogen into glucose. 
B)  During the postabsorptive period, most body cells preferentially use fatty acids for metabolic fuel. 
C)  Cells of the nervous system depend almost exclusively on glycogen for metabolic fuel. 
D)  Glucagon plays a major role during the absorptive period by causing the liver to convert glycogen into glucose and stimulating gluconeogenesis. 
E)  Cells of the pancreas release insulin during the postabsorptive period. 
A)  During the absorptive period, the liver converts glycogen into glucose. 
B)  During the postabsorptive period, most body cells preferentially use fatty acids for metabolic fuel. 
C)  Cells of the nervous system depend almost exclusively on glycogen for metabolic fuel. 
D)  Glucagon plays a major role during the absorptive period by causing the liver to convert glycogen into glucose and stimulating gluconeogenesis. 
E)  Cells of the pancreas release insulin during the postabsorptive period.

Exam 50: Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

If the acidity of the stomach is neutralized by antacids and acid-blockers,

Which statement about movement of food in the gut is true?

Which statement about the digestive system is true?

Which feature characterizes secretin?

Which statement about cells and secretions of the human stomach is true?

Starch is broken down by the enzyme _______, which is secreted by the _______.

Choose the correct pairing between tooth type and function.

Refer to the figure. The animals shown in the figure are most likely

A wave of smooth muscle contraction called _______ pushes food along the digestive tract.

Which disease differs from the others in terms of the kind of deficiency that causes it?

The nutritional disease kwashiorkor, in which the body starts to metabolize some of the molecules of its own body, results from a(n)

Which statement about herbivores is true?

Which statement about nutrient absorption in the small intestine is true?

Imagine you are working as a consultant for a pharmaceutical company with the goal of developing a new weight-loss drug.You decide to try to trigger a sense of fullness or satiety.To do this you might design a drug to mimic the activity of

Which statement about lipoproteins is true?

A fundamental difference between saprobes and detritivores is that

Bile salts emulsify dietary fats into

When a food bolus contacts the _______, swallowing reflexes begin.

Which statement about the hormonal control of fuel metabolism is true?

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

Species Interactions

Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

Filters

Starch is broken down by the enzyme _, which is secreted by the _.