Question 1

Bisphosphonates are a class of drug used to treat osteoporosis.These drugs kill osteoclasts.One of the effects of long-term use of this drug is

Accepted Answer

A)  severe osteoporosis. 
B)  unusual fractures due to suppression of bone turnover. 
C)  accelerated remodeling of bone matrix. 
D)  a reduction in bone matrix. 
E)  bones that are stronger but thinner. 
A)  severe osteoporosis. 
B)  unusual fractures due to suppression of bone turnover. 
C)  accelerated remodeling of bone matrix. 
D)  a reduction in bone matrix. 
E)  bones that are stronger but thinner.

Question 2

Refer to the graph showing the capacity of three systems that provide ATP for muscle contraction.   A marathon runner relies mostly on

Accepted Answer

A)  the system of curve A. 
B)  the system of curve B. 
C)  the system of curve C. 
D)  anaerobic production of ATP to meet the needs of muscles. 
E)  the system of curve A generating precursors for system B. 
A)  the system of curve A. 
B)  the system of curve B. 
C)  the system of curve C. 
D)  anaerobic production of ATP to meet the needs of muscles. 
E)  the system of curve A generating precursors for system B.

Question 3

Ligaments are straps of _______ tissue that connect _______ to bone, holding the skeletal elements of a joint together.

Accepted Answer

A)  connective; muscle 
B)  muscle; bone 
C)  connective; cartilage 
D)  connective; bone 
E)  epithelial; bone 
A)  connective; muscle 
B)  muscle; bone 
C)  connective; cartilage 
D)  connective; bone 
E)  epithelial; bone

Question 4

Which feature characterizes the oxidative system for supplying ATP to muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  It metabolizes carbohydrates to water and carbon dioxide. 
B)  Sustained ATP production begins immediately upon exertion. 
C)  It supplies ATP at a faster rate than the immediate system. 
D)  It supplies ATP at a faster rate than the glycolytic system. 
E)  It metabolizes glucose to lactate and pyruvate. 
A)  It metabolizes carbohydrates to water and carbon dioxide. 
B)  Sustained ATP production begins immediately upon exertion. 
C)  It supplies ATP at a faster rate than the immediate system. 
D)  It supplies ATP at a faster rate than the glycolytic system. 
E)  It metabolizes glucose to lactate and pyruvate.

Question 5

Which statement about the effect of anaerobic exercise on muscles is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It increases the size of muscle fibers by increasing the number of actin and myosin filaments. 
B)  It increases the number of mitochondria per muscle fiber. 
C)  It increases the enzymes involved in oxidative production of ATP. 
D)  It increases the density of capillaries delivering oxygen to the muscles. 
E)  It increases the production of myoglobin. 
A)  It increases the size of muscle fibers by increasing the number of actin and myosin filaments. 
B)  It increases the number of mitochondria per muscle fiber. 
C)  It increases the enzymes involved in oxidative production of ATP. 
D)  It increases the density of capillaries delivering oxygen to the muscles. 
E)  It increases the production of myoglobin.

Question 6

Fast-twitch fibers

Accepted Answer

A)  are also called red muscle. 
B)  fatigue rapidly. 
C)  have more mitochondria per cell than do slow-twitch fibers within the same muscle. 
D)  are also called oxidative muscle. 
E)  are found in higher proportion in the leg muscles of champion marathon runners than weight lifters. 
A)  are also called red muscle. 
B)  fatigue rapidly. 
C)  have more mitochondria per cell than do slow-twitch fibers within the same muscle. 
D)  are also called oxidative muscle. 
E)  are found in higher proportion in the leg muscles of champion marathon runners than weight lifters.

Question 7

You are a lab technician staining sections of skeletal muscle using a stain that binds to mitochondria.The tissue comes from leg biopsies of two patients: a professional weight lifter and a competitive long distance runner.You realize the slides are unlabeled.How might you determine which slide belongs to which patient?

Accepted Answer

A)  The slide showing more slow-twitch muscle and fewer mitochondria per cell would be from the long distance runner. 
B)  The slide showing more red muscle and more mitochondria per cell would be from the long distance runner. 
C)  The slide showing more fast-twitch muscle and fewer mitochondria per cell would be from the long distance runner. 
D)  The slide showing more white muscle and more mitochondria per cell would be from the weight lifter. 
E)  The slide showing more red muscle and more mitochondria per cell would be from the weight lifter. 
A)  The slide showing more slow-twitch muscle and fewer mitochondria per cell would be from the long distance runner. 
B)  The slide showing more red muscle and more mitochondria per cell would be from the long distance runner. 
C)  The slide showing more fast-twitch muscle and fewer mitochondria per cell would be from the long distance runner. 
D)  The slide showing more white muscle and more mitochondria per cell would be from the weight lifter. 
E)  The slide showing more red muscle and more mitochondria per cell would be from the weight lifter.

Question 8

In turkeys, the breast (flight) muscles are light in color, while in mallard ducks they are dark.What does this tell you about the flight capabilities of these two birds?

Accepted Answer

The breast muscles of turkeys are fast-t

Question 9

When an action potential travels down the T tubules of a cardiac muscle cell, it _______, which in turn causes _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  closes voltage-gated calcium channels and prevents calcium from leaving the cell; channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open and allow calcium to enter the sarcoplasm 
B)  opens voltage-gated calcium channels and allows calcium to enter the cell; channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to close 
C)  causes changes in the conformation of the DHP receptors; ryanodine receptors to close 
D)  opens voltage-gated calcium channels that allow calcium to enter the sarcoplasm; channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open and allow calcium to enter the sarcoplasm 
E)  causes changes in the conformation of the ryanodine receptors; opening of the DHP receptors 
A)  closes voltage-gated calcium channels and prevents calcium from leaving the cell; channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open and allow calcium to enter the sarcoplasm 
B)  opens voltage-gated calcium channels and allows calcium to enter the cell; channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to close 
C)  causes changes in the conformation of the DHP receptors; ryanodine receptors to close 
D)  opens voltage-gated calcium channels that allow calcium to enter the sarcoplasm; channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open and allow calcium to enter the sarcoplasm 
E)  causes changes in the conformation of the ryanodine receptors; opening of the DHP receptors

Question 10

Which feature characterizes myoglobin?

Accepted Answer

A)  Affinity for oxygen slightly lower than that of hemoglobin 
B)  Found in high amounts in fast-twitch muscle 
C)  Increases a muscle fiber's capacity for oxidative metabolism 
D)  Prevents diffusion of oxygen within a muscle 
E)  Provides a store of glycogen 
A)  Affinity for oxygen slightly lower than that of hemoglobin 
B)  Found in high amounts in fast-twitch muscle 
C)  Increases a muscle fiber's capacity for oxidative metabolism 
D)  Prevents diffusion of oxygen within a muscle 
E)  Provides a store of glycogen

Question 11

Which statement about skeletons is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  No skeleton consists entirely of cartilage. 
B)  Hydrostatic skeletons are not useful in the function of locomotion. 
C)  An advantage of an exoskeleton is that it can continue to grow throughout the life of the animal. 
D)  Unlike bones, external skeletons must remain flexible and therefore do not contain calcium carbonate crystals. 
E)  The two categories of bone are membranous bone and cartilage bone, based on how the bones are formed. 
A)  No skeleton consists entirely of cartilage. 
B)  Hydrostatic skeletons are not useful in the function of locomotion. 
C)  An advantage of an exoskeleton is that it can continue to grow throughout the life of the animal. 
D)  Unlike bones, external skeletons must remain flexible and therefore do not contain calcium carbonate crystals. 
E)  The two categories of bone are membranous bone and cartilage bone, based on how the bones are formed.

Question 12

Which statement about fast-twitch and slow-twitch fibers is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  In skeletal muscle, the most important factor determining the proportion of fast- and slow-twitch fibers is physical training. 
B)  Aerobic training increases the oxidative capacity of intermediate fibers. 
C)  A single muscle cell may contain fast- and slow-twitch fibers. 
D)  Fast-twitch fibers fatigue slowly. 
E)  Champion sprinters are likely to have a high proportion of slow-twitch fibers in their legs. 
A)  In skeletal muscle, the most important factor determining the proportion of fast- and slow-twitch fibers is physical training. 
B)  Aerobic training increases the oxidative capacity of intermediate fibers. 
C)  A single muscle cell may contain fast- and slow-twitch fibers. 
D)  Fast-twitch fibers fatigue slowly. 
E)  Champion sprinters are likely to have a high proportion of slow-twitch fibers in their legs.

Question 13

Refer to the figure showing the structure of a skeletal muscle.

Accepted Answer

A-tendons; B-bicep muscle; C-b

Question 14

Which statement about skeletal muscle is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Strength is the maximum force a muscle can put forth. 
B)  Endurance is the minimum force a muscle can put forth. 
C)  Anaerobic physical activity does not increase strength. 
D)  Aerobic physical activity increases strength without increasing endurance. 
E)  The major effect of strength training is the production of more muscle fibers. 
A)  Strength is the maximum force a muscle can put forth. 
B)  Endurance is the minimum force a muscle can put forth. 
C)  Anaerobic physical activity does not increase strength. 
D)  Aerobic physical activity increases strength without increasing endurance. 
E)  The major effect of strength training is the production of more muscle fibers.

Question 15

Refer to the figure showing the leg muscles of two athletes.   Investigators studying the leg muscles of Lance Armstrong, formerly recognized as the seven-time winner of the Tour de France bicycle marathon, would likely find _______ muscle fibers, as shown in the panel on the _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  abundant slow-twitch; left 
B)  hyper-efficient slow-twitch; left 
C)  atrophied (neglected) slow-twitch; left 
D)  abundant fast-twitch; right 
E)  atrophied (neglected) fast-twitch; right 
A)  abundant slow-twitch; left 
B)  hyper-efficient slow-twitch; left 
C)  atrophied (neglected) slow-twitch; left 
D)  abundant fast-twitch; right 
E)  atrophied (neglected) fast-twitch; right

Question 16

What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

A)  It stores Ca2+ ions for release during contraction. 
B)  It surrounds and protects the muscle filaments. 
C)  It provides sites of ATP synthesis. 
D)  It depolarizes when stimulated by an impulse. 
E)  It synthesizes actin and myosin filaments. 
A)  It stores Ca2+ ions for release during contraction. 
B)  It surrounds and protects the muscle filaments. 
C)  It provides sites of ATP synthesis. 
D)  It depolarizes when stimulated by an impulse. 
E)  It synthesizes actin and myosin filaments.

Question 17

Haversian systems consist of

Accepted Answer

A)  osteocytes completely isolated from other osteocytes by their matrix. 
B)  osteoblasts that will give rise to osteoclasts. 
C)  a meshwork of cancellous bone tissue. 
D)  cylindrical units surrounding a canal of blood vessels. 
E)  a honeycomb network of bone matrix. 
A)  osteocytes completely isolated from other osteocytes by their matrix. 
B)  osteoblasts that will give rise to osteoclasts. 
C)  a meshwork of cancellous bone tissue. 
D)  cylindrical units surrounding a canal of blood vessels. 
E)  a honeycomb network of bone matrix.

Question 18

World-class sprinters running at top speed are most likely to _______ in the skeletal muscles used for running by the end of 30 seconds.

Accepted Answer

A)  exhaust their ability to make ATP 
B)  exhaust their ability to use their mitochondria to make ATP 
C)  exhaust their preformed ATP and creatine phosphate 
D)  have a large reserve of creatine phosphate 
E)  have a large reserve of ATP from oxidative metabolism 
A)  exhaust their ability to make ATP 
B)  exhaust their ability to use their mitochondria to make ATP 
C)  exhaust their preformed ATP and creatine phosphate 
D)  have a large reserve of creatine phosphate 
E)  have a large reserve of ATP from oxidative metabolism

Question 19

Refer to the figure showing various stages of a contraction cycle in a sarcomere.   Which panel shows a muscle that could be in rigor mortis? Explain the reasoning behind your answer.

Accepted Answer

B; in rigor mortis, myosin hea

Question 20

You are a graduate student researching the function of muscles.You induce a mutation that eliminates titin.Which is the most likely direct outcome for a mouse with this mutation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Actin fibers will not form in smooth muscle. 
B)  Myosin heads will not bind. 
C)  The sarcoplasmic reticulum will not be able to release calcium. 
D)  Sarcomeres will not hold their structure. 
E)  Skeletal muscles will not be able to relax. 
A)  Actin fibers will not form in smooth muscle. 
B)  Myosin heads will not bind. 
C)  The sarcoplasmic reticulum will not be able to release calcium. 
D)  Sarcomeres will not hold their structure. 
E)  Skeletal muscles will not be able to relax.

Exam 47: Musculoskeletal Systems

Bisphosphonates are a class of drug used to treat osteoporosis.These drugs kill osteoclasts.One of the effects of long-term use of this drug is

Refer to the graph showing the capacity of three systems that provide ATP for muscle contraction. A marathon runner relies mostly on

Ligaments are straps of _______ tissue that connect _______ to bone, holding the skeletal elements of a joint together.

Which feature characterizes the oxidative system for supplying ATP to muscle cells?

Which statement about the effect of anaerobic exercise on muscles is true?

Fast-twitch fibers

In turkeys, the breast (flight) muscles are light in color, while in mallard ducks they are dark.What does this tell you about the flight capabilities of these two birds?

When an action potential travels down the T tubules of a cardiac muscle cell, it _______, which in turn causes _______.

Which feature characterizes myoglobin?

Which statement about skeletons is true?

Which statement about fast-twitch and slow-twitch fibers is true?

Refer to the figure showing the structure of a skeletal muscle.

Which statement about skeletal muscle is true?

Refer to the figure showing the leg muscles of two athletes. Investigators studying the leg muscles of Lance Armstrong, formerly recognized as the seven-time winner of the Tour de France bicycle marathon, would likely find _______ muscle fibers, as shown in the panel on the _______.

What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction?

Haversian systems consist of

World-class sprinters running at top speed are most likely to _______ in the skeletal muscles used for running by the end of 30 seconds.

Refer to the figure showing various stages of a contraction cycle in a sarcomere. Which panel shows a muscle that could be in rigor mortis? Explain the reasoning behind your answer.

You are a graduate student researching the function of muscles.You induce a mutation that eliminates titin.Which is the most likely direct outcome for a mouse with this mutation?

Studying Life

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Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

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Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

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Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

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Ligaments are straps of _ tissue that connect _ to bone, holding the skeletal elements of a joint together.

When an action potential travels down the T tubules of a cardiac muscle cell, it _, which in turn causes _.

Refer to the figure showing the leg muscles of two athletes. Investigators studying the leg muscles of Lance Armstrong, formerly recognized as the seven-time winner of the Tour de France bicycle marathon, would likely find _ muscle fibers, as shown in the panel on the _.