Question 1

Suppose the 5ʹ-to-3ʹ coding strand of DNA is GTCTATGCATTA. Which sequence represents the resulting transcribed RNA?

Accepted Answer

A)  5ʹ-GTCTATGCATTA-3ʹ 
B)  5ʹ-GUCUAUGCAUUA-3ʹ 
C)  5ʹ-CAGATACGTAAT-3ʹ 
D)  5ʹ-CAGAUACGUAAU-3ʹ 
E)  3ʹ-GUCUAUGCAUUA-5ʹ 
A)  5ʹ-GTCTATGCATTA-3ʹ 
B)  5ʹ-GUCUAUGCAUUA-3ʹ 
C)  5ʹ-CAGATACGTAAT-3ʹ 
D)  5ʹ-CAGAUACGUAAU-3ʹ 
E)  3ʹ-GUCUAUGCAUUA-5ʹ

Question 2

The disease called branched-chain ketoaciduria is commonly known as maple syrup urine disease, as the urine of a person with the condition has a smell similar to that of maple syrup.Because the disease is rare and most often appears in children whose parents are first cousins, one can conclude that the disease is inherited as an autosomal _______ phenotype.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The disease called branched-chain ketoaciduria is commonly...

Question 3

Errors in transcription occur about 100,000 times as often as errors in DNA replication.Why can this high rate be tolerated in RNA synthesis but not in DNA synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Errors in transcription can be tolerated

Question 4

Refer to the figure showing the process of gene expression in eukaryotes.   Which arrow in the indicates translation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the figure showing the process...

Question 5

When the introns are removed from pre-mRNA, the exons must be _______ together to form mRNA.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When the introns are removed from pre-mRNA,...

Question 6

Suppose the DNA of a gene contains five regions-A, B, C, D, and E, in that order.Regions A, B, and D are located in introns, while regions C and E are located in exons.What is the order of the regions in the pre-mRNA transcribed from that sequence?

Accepted Answer

A)  CE 
B)  ABD 
C)  BAD 
D)  ABDCE 
E)  ABCDE 
A)  CE 
B)  ABD 
C)  BAD 
D)  ABDCE 
E)  ABCDE

Question 7

The presence of inosine and other modified bases at the _______ position of the anticodon accounts for the wobble of the genetic code.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The presence of inosine and other modified...

Question 8

Refer to the figure.   Given the experimental conditions presented, which repeating amino acids would be specified in the polypeptide chains (A and B), respectively?

Accepted Answer

A)  Phenylalanine and proline 
B)  Phenylalanine and glycine 
C)  Alanine and glycine 
D)  Arginine and glutamic acid 
E)  Lysine and glycine 
A)  Phenylalanine and proline 
B)  Phenylalanine and glycine 
C)  Alanine and glycine 
D)  Arginine and glutamic acid 
E)  Lysine and glycine

Question 9

If the codon is 5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10-GAA-3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10, then the corresponding anticodon is

Accepted Answer

A)  5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10-GAA-3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10. 
B)  3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10-GAA-5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10. 
C)  5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10-CUU-3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10. 
D)  3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10-CUU-5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10. 
E)  3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10-CTT-5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10. 
A)  5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10-GAA-3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10. 
B)  3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10-GAA-5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10. 
C)  5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10-CUU-3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10. 
D)  3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10-CUU-5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10. 
E)  3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10-CTT-5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10.

Question 10

If there were only three kinds of nucleotides, how many different types of codons would a genetic code have? (Assume that the codons are three nucleotides long.)

Accepted Answer

A)  9 
B)  16 
C)  27 
D)  32 
E)  64 
A)  9 
B)  16 
C)  27 
D)  32 
E)  64

Question 11

Based on the complexity of tRNA's function, one might conclude that the number of different tRNA molecules that exist is surprisingly small.This discrepancy is possible because

Accepted Answer

A)  the third position of the codon can pair with unusual bases in the anticodon. 
B)  the second position of the codon can pair with unusual bases in the anticodon. 
C)  the third position of the codon contains unusual bases. 
D)  there are fewer amino acids than there are possible codons. 
E)  the code is ambiguous. 
A)  the third position of the codon can pair with unusual bases in the anticodon. 
B)  the second position of the codon can pair with unusual bases in the anticodon. 
C)  the third position of the codon contains unusual bases. 
D)  there are fewer amino acids than there are possible codons. 
E)  the code is ambiguous.

Question 12

One can argue that although the existence of retroviruses represents a complication of Crick's central dogma, it does not contradict it.The replication mechanism of retroviruses does not contradict the essence of the central dogma, because

Accepted Answer

A)  retroviruses convert DNA information into RNA information. 
B)  retroviruses convert RNA information into RNA information. 
C)  even in retroviruses, information in proteins is not converted into DNA information. 
D)  even in retroviruses, DNA information is not converted into protein information. 
E)  retroviruses do not use tRNA. 
A)  retroviruses convert DNA information into RNA information. 
B)  retroviruses convert RNA information into RNA information. 
C)  even in retroviruses, information in proteins is not converted into DNA information. 
D)  even in retroviruses, DNA information is not converted into protein information. 
E)  retroviruses do not use tRNA.

Question 13

Peptidyl transferase activity in ribosomes is catalyzed by

Accepted Answer

A)  protein. 
B)  mRNA. 
C)  tRNA. 
D)  rRNA. 
E)  elongation factors. 
A)  protein. 
B)  mRNA. 
C)  tRNA. 
D)  rRNA. 
E)  elongation factors.

Question 14

Refer to the figure.   When the technique is used to determine where introns and exons exist, which kind of molecule is used as the probe?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the figure.   When...

Question 15

The addition of sugar residues to the protein after translation is called

Accepted Answer

A)  sucrosis. 
B)  glycosylation. 
C)  phosphorylation. 
D)  proteolysis. 
E)  exonuclease digestion. 
A)  sucrosis. 
B)  glycosylation. 
C)  phosphorylation. 
D)  proteolysis. 
E)  exonuclease digestion.

Question 16

Compared with DNA replication, transcription is _______ error prone because of differences in _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  more; the number of copies made 
B)  more; the proofreading system 
C)  more; excision repair 
D)  less; the number of copies made 
E)  less; the proofreading system 
A)  more; the number of copies made 
B)  more; the proofreading system 
C)  more; excision repair 
D)  less; the number of copies made 
E)  less; the proofreading system

Question 17

An individual has a metabolic disorder that is traced to an enzyme composed of two different subunits, one larger than the other.The patient has an allele of the smaller subunit that produces a protein that is abnormally large, and when it binds to the other subunit of the enzyme, the enzymatic activity is lost.Analysis of the mRNA sequence identifies a mutation in the 3′ region of a gene that has turned a UAA codon to UUA.Based on this modification, the clinical researcher hypothesizes that during the elongation cycle in the patient, there is a failure to recruit the _______ at the correct site in the mRNA sequence.This results in the translation of an abnormally long peptide.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An individual has a metabolic disorder that...

Question 18

The "central dogma of molecular biology" states that

Accepted Answer

A)  information flow between DNA, RNA, and protein is reversible. 
B)  information flow in a cell is unidirectional, from protein to DNA. 
C)  information flow in a cell is unidirectional, from DNA to protein. 
D)  the DNA sequence of a gene can be predicted if we know the amino acid sequence of the protein it encodes. 
E)  the genetic code is ambiguous but not degenerate. 
A)  information flow between DNA, RNA, and protein is reversible. 
B)  information flow in a cell is unidirectional, from protein to DNA. 
C)  information flow in a cell is unidirectional, from DNA to protein. 
D)  the DNA sequence of a gene can be predicted if we know the amino acid sequence of the protein it encodes. 
E)  the genetic code is ambiguous but not degenerate.

Question 19

An mRNA molecule with several ribosomes attached to it is called a(n) _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An mRNA molecule with several ribosomes attached...

Question 20

Suppose that nucleic acid hybridization experiments revealed that the mRNA-DNA complexes form different loop patterns depending on which cell type is the source of the mRNA.Such data would support

Accepted Answer

A)  the one-gene, one-polypeptide hypothesis. 
B)  the conclusion that the genetic code is redundant but not ambiguous. 
C)  the conclusion that the genetic code is ambiguous but not redundant. 
D)  the existence of alternative splicing. 
E)  the conclusion that the genetic code is not universal. 
A)  the one-gene, one-polypeptide hypothesis. 
B)  the conclusion that the genetic code is redundant but not ambiguous. 
C)  the conclusion that the genetic code is ambiguous but not redundant. 
D)  the existence of alternative splicing. 
E)  the conclusion that the genetic code is not universal.

Exam 14: From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Suppose the 5ʹ-to-3ʹ coding strand of DNA is GTCTATGCATTA. Which sequence represents the resulting transcribed RNA?

Errors in transcription occur about 100,000 times as often as errors in DNA replication.Why can this high rate be tolerated in RNA synthesis but not in DNA synthesis?

Refer to the figure showing the process of gene expression in eukaryotes. Which arrow in the indicates translation?

When the introns are removed from pre-mRNA, the exons must be _______ together to form mRNA.

Suppose the DNA of a gene contains five regions-A, B, C, D, and E, in that order.Regions A, B, and D are located in introns, while regions C and E are located in exons.What is the order of the regions in the pre-mRNA transcribed from that sequence?

The presence of inosine and other modified bases at the _______ position of the anticodon accounts for the wobble of the genetic code.

Refer to the figure. Given the experimental conditions presented, which repeating amino acids would be specified in the polypeptide chains (A and B), respectively?

If the codon is 5-GAA-3, then the corresponding anticodon is

If there were only three kinds of nucleotides, how many different types of codons would a genetic code have? (Assume that the codons are three nucleotides long.)

Based on the complexity of tRNA's function, one might conclude that the number of different tRNA molecules that exist is surprisingly small.This discrepancy is possible because

One can argue that although the existence of retroviruses represents a complication of Crick's central dogma, it does not contradict it.The replication mechanism of retroviruses does not contradict the essence of the central dogma, because

Peptidyl transferase activity in ribosomes is catalyzed by

Refer to the figure. When the technique is used to determine where introns and exons exist, which kind of molecule is used as the probe?

The addition of sugar residues to the protein after translation is called

Compared with DNA replication, transcription is _______ error prone because of differences in _______.

The "central dogma of molecular biology" states that

An mRNA molecule with several ribosomes attached to it is called a(n) _______.

Suppose that nucleic acid hybridization experiments revealed that the mRNA-DNA complexes form different loop patterns depending on which cell type is the source of the mRNA.Such data would support

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