Question 1

A small amount of CO2 in the bloodstream stimulates a _______ increase in breathing rate.

Accepted Answer

Question 2

In using a flowmeter to measure the volume of air in your lungs you determine that your vital capacity is 5 liters, your expiratory reserve is 1 liter, and your inspiratory reserve is 2.5 liters.This means that your total lung capacity is

Accepted Answer

A)  5 liters, because your vital capacity is a measure of your total lung capacity. 
B)  close to 6 liters, because your residual volume, which you did not measure, is most likely about 1 liter. 
C)  7.5 liters, because your total lung capacity is equal to your vital capacity plus your inspiratory reserve. 
D)  8.5 liters, because your total lung capacity is equal to your vital capacity plus your inspiratory reserve plus your expiratory reserve. 
E)  close to 9.5 liters, because your residual volume, which you did not measure, is most likely about 1 liter. 
A)  5 liters, because your vital capacity is a measure of your total lung capacity. 
B)  close to 6 liters, because your residual volume, which you did not measure, is most likely about 1 liter. 
C)  7.5 liters, because your total lung capacity is equal to your vital capacity plus your inspiratory reserve. 
D)  8.5 liters, because your total lung capacity is equal to your vital capacity plus your inspiratory reserve plus your expiratory reserve. 
E)  close to 9.5 liters, because your residual volume, which you did not measure, is most likely about 1 liter.

Question 3

Air flows into the lungs of mammals during inhalation because the

Accepted Answer

A)  pressure in the lungs falls below atmospheric pressure. 
B)  volume of the lungs decreases. 
C)  pressure in the lungs rises above atmospheric pressure. 
D)  diaphragm moves upward toward the lungs. 
E)  internal intercostal muscles contract. 
A)  pressure in the lungs falls below atmospheric pressure. 
B)  volume of the lungs decreases. 
C)  pressure in the lungs rises above atmospheric pressure. 
D)  diaphragm moves upward toward the lungs. 
E)  internal intercostal muscles contract.

Question 4

A woman gives birth to a baby that is five weeks premature.The baby has trouble breathing on its own so the physicians put the baby on a respirator.The most likely reason for the baby's breathing problems is

Accepted Answer

A)  a lack of a mucus in the airways that would make the airways slippery and easier to fill with air. 
B)  inactive cilia in the airways, making it difficult to clear trapped mucus in the airways. 
C)  insufficient surface tension in the lungs, making the lungs less elastic. 
D)  insufficient surfactant, making the surface tension in the alveoli too high to properly inflate. 
E)  an overabundance of surfactant, making the lungs too elastic and unable to hold air in the alveoli. 
A)  a lack of a mucus in the airways that would make the airways slippery and easier to fill with air. 
B)  inactive cilia in the airways, making it difficult to clear trapped mucus in the airways. 
C)  insufficient surface tension in the lungs, making the lungs less elastic. 
D)  insufficient surfactant, making the surface tension in the alveoli too high to properly inflate. 
E)  an overabundance of surfactant, making the lungs too elastic and unable to hold air in the alveoli.

Question 5

Due to the activity of carbonic anhydrase, within the lung there is a concentration gradient of _______ that is higher in the _______ than in the _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  HCO3-; alveoli; plasma 
B)  HCO3-; alveoli; RBC 
C)  CO2; alveoli; RBC 
D)  CO2; RBC; alveoli 
E)  O2; alveoli; plasma 
A)  HCO3-; alveoli; plasma 
B)  HCO3-; alveoli; RBC 
C)  CO2; alveoli; RBC 
D)  CO2; RBC; alveoli 
E)  O2; alveoli; plasma

Question 6

All gases diffuse faster at ______ temperatures, and faster in _______ than in _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  lower; air; water 
B)  higher; air; water 
C)  lower; water; air 
D)  higher; water; air 
E)  stable; water; air 
A)  lower; air; water 
B)  higher; air; water 
C)  lower; water; air 
D)  higher; water; air 
E)  stable; water; air

Question 7

There are no active transport mechanisms for respiratory gases.Therefore, the only means by which respiratory gases are exchanged is _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of There are no active transport mechanisms for...

Question 8

A large drop in arterial O2 has a _______ effect on breathing rate.

Accepted Answer

Question 9

Which statement about respiration in birds and mammals is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ventilation in bird lungs is bidirectional, but ventilation in mammal lungs is tidal. 
B)  Mammals have less dead space in their lungs than do birds. 
C)  Because of the efficiency of their respiratory systems, we would expect to see birds, but not mammals, at very high altitudes. 
D)  Air sacs are present in the respiratory systems of birds and some mammals. 
E)  A single breath of air remains in a mammal's respiratory system for one inhale and one exhale and in a bird's respiratory system for three cycles of inhalation and exhalation. 
A)  Ventilation in bird lungs is bidirectional, but ventilation in mammal lungs is tidal. 
B)  Mammals have less dead space in their lungs than do birds. 
C)  Because of the efficiency of their respiratory systems, we would expect to see birds, but not mammals, at very high altitudes. 
D)  Air sacs are present in the respiratory systems of birds and some mammals. 
E)  A single breath of air remains in a mammal's respiratory system for one inhale and one exhale and in a bird's respiratory system for three cycles of inhalation and exhalation.

Question 10

Gas exchange in animals always involves

Accepted Answer

A)  lungs. 
B)  breathing movements. 
C)  neural control. 
D)  diffusion between internal body fluids and the outside medium. 
E)  active transport of gases. 
A)  lungs. 
B)  breathing movements. 
C)  neural control. 
D)  diffusion between internal body fluids and the outside medium. 
E)  active transport of gases.

Question 11

Which feature characterizes the air sacs of birds?

Accepted Answer

A)  They receive high-oxygen air only. 
B)  They are not connected to one another. 
C)  They are found in birds and some mammals. 
D)  They work like bellows. 
E)  They are not connected to the airspaces within the bones. 
A)  They receive high-oxygen air only. 
B)  They are not connected to one another. 
C)  They are found in birds and some mammals. 
D)  They work like bellows. 
E)  They are not connected to the airspaces within the bones.

Question 12

In the equation below, which quantity represents the volume of your normal breath? Total lung capacity = residual volume + expiratory reserve volume + inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume

Accepted Answer

A)  Total lung capacity 
B)  Residual volume 
C)  Expiratory reserve volume 
D)  Inspiratory reserve volume 
E)  Tidal volume 
A)  Total lung capacity 
B)  Residual volume 
C)  Expiratory reserve volume 
D)  Inspiratory reserve volume 
E)  Tidal volume

Question 13

Refer to the figure showing the respiratory system in birds.   In the respiratory cycle of birds, air flows

Accepted Answer

A)  through the trachea, to the bronchi, to the posterior air sacs, and then into the parabronchi. 
B)  through the bronchi, to the trachea, to the parabronchi, and then into the posterior air sacs. 
C)  through the trachea, to the parabronchi, to the bronchi, and then into the posterior air sacs. 
D)  through the trachea, to the parabronchi, to the posterior air sacs, and then into the bronchi. 
E)  through the trachea, to the posterior air sacs, to the parabronchi, and then to the parabronchi. 
A)  through the trachea, to the bronchi, to the posterior air sacs, and then into the parabronchi. 
B)  through the bronchi, to the trachea, to the parabronchi, and then into the posterior air sacs. 
C)  through the trachea, to the parabronchi, to the bronchi, and then into the posterior air sacs. 
D)  through the trachea, to the parabronchi, to the posterior air sacs, and then into the bronchi. 
E)  through the trachea, to the posterior air sacs, to the parabronchi, and then to the parabronchi.

Question 14

Breathing rhythm is generated in the _______ and is influenced by variation in levels of _______ in the blood.

Accepted Answer

A)  medulla; CO2 and O2 
B)  medulla; CO2, only 
C)  medulla; O2, only 
D)  frontal lobe; CO2 and O2 
E)  frontal lobe; CO2, only 
A)  medulla; CO2 and O2 
B)  medulla; CO2, only 
C)  medulla; O2, only 
D)  frontal lobe; CO2 and O2 
E)  frontal lobe; CO2, only

Question 15

Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) suspect that a victim of a serious accident has suffered an injury to the brainstem because his breathing has continued but is irregular.Specifically, the injury is likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  be in the cerebellum. 
B)  have destroyed the medulla. 
C)  be at a level below the medulla. 
D)  be between the pons and medulla. 
E)  have severed the spinal cord in the neck. 
A)  be in the cerebellum. 
B)  have destroyed the medulla. 
C)  be at a level below the medulla. 
D)  be between the pons and medulla. 
E)  have severed the spinal cord in the neck.

Question 16

Which characterizes the lungs of birds?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are larger than those of a similar-sized mammal. 
B)  There is gas exchange in the parabronchi. 
C)  They expand during inhalation. 
D)  Air flows unidirectionally through them. 
E)  They are compressed during exhalation. 
A)  They are larger than those of a similar-sized mammal. 
B)  There is gas exchange in the parabronchi. 
C)  They expand during inhalation. 
D)  Air flows unidirectionally through them. 
E)  They are compressed during exhalation.

Question 17

Refer to the figure showing a countercurrent exchanger from a fish gill.   The values in the figure represent percent saturation of O2.Based on the information provided, which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fluid flowing through A represents water and B represents blood. 
B)  Fluid flowing through B represents water and A represents blood. 
C)  The change in O2 levels is accomplished by transfer of hemoglobin from tube A to tube B. 
D)  The change in O2 levels is accomplished by transfer of hemoglobin from tube B to tube A. 
E)  The direction of flow in both tubes is from left to right. 
A)  Fluid flowing through A represents water and B represents blood. 
B)  Fluid flowing through B represents water and A represents blood. 
C)  The change in O2 levels is accomplished by transfer of hemoglobin from tube A to tube B. 
D)  The change in O2 levels is accomplished by transfer of hemoglobin from tube B to tube A. 
E)  The direction of flow in both tubes is from left to right.

Question 18

Which represents the correct order of structures through which air travels to reach the cells of insects?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tracheae; tracheoles; air capillaries; spiracles 
B)  Spiracles; tracheae; tracheoles; air capillaries 
C)  Tracheoles; air capillaries; tracheae; spiracles 
D)  Spiracles; air capillaries; tracheoles; tracheae 
E)  Air capillaries; tracheoles; tracheae; spiracles 
A)  Tracheae; tracheoles; air capillaries; spiracles 
B)  Spiracles; tracheae; tracheoles; air capillaries 
C)  Tracheoles; air capillaries; tracheae; spiracles 
D)  Spiracles; air capillaries; tracheoles; tracheae 
E)  Air capillaries; tracheoles; tracheae; spiracles

Question 19

Which is a benefit provided by fetal hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

A)  It occurs in higher density in red blood cells than adult hemoglobin does. 
B)  It releases O2 at a lower partial pressure than adult hemoglobin does. 
C)  In the placenta, O2 diffuses from fetal hemoglobin to adult hemoglobin. 
D)  At low O2 pressures, it is less likely to pick up oxygen than adult hemoglobin is. 
E)  It transfers O2 from adult hemoglobin to the fetus. 
A)  It occurs in higher density in red blood cells than adult hemoglobin does. 
B)  It releases O2 at a lower partial pressure than adult hemoglobin does. 
C)  In the placenta, O2 diffuses from fetal hemoglobin to adult hemoglobin. 
D)  At low O2 pressures, it is less likely to pick up oxygen than adult hemoglobin is. 
E)  It transfers O2 from adult hemoglobin to the fetus.

Question 20

Small insects may take a bubble of air underwater when they dive.The bubble can serve as an air tank for some time because

Accepted Answer

A)  as CO2 increases, the bubble inflates. 
B)  as O2 is consumed, air pressure in the bubble decreases. 
C)  as O2 is consumed, more O2 diffuses into the bubble. 
D)  the partial pressure of nitrogen remains constant. 
E)  for each O2 molecule used, a CO2 molecule replaces it. 
A)  as CO2 increases, the bubble inflates. 
B)  as O2 is consumed, air pressure in the bubble decreases. 
C)  as O2 is consumed, more O2 diffuses into the bubble. 
D)  the partial pressure of nitrogen remains constant. 
E)  for each O2 molecule used, a CO2 molecule replaces it.

Exam 48: Gas Exchange

A small amount of CO2 in the bloodstream stimulates a _______ increase in breathing rate.

In using a flowmeter to measure the volume of air in your lungs you determine that your vital capacity is 5 liters, your expiratory reserve is 1 liter, and your inspiratory reserve is 2.5 liters.This means that your total lung capacity is

Air flows into the lungs of mammals during inhalation because the

A woman gives birth to a baby that is five weeks premature.The baby has trouble breathing on its own so the physicians put the baby on a respirator.The most likely reason for the baby's breathing problems is

Due to the activity of carbonic anhydrase, within the lung there is a concentration gradient of _______ that is higher in the _______ than in the _______.

All gases diffuse faster at ______ temperatures, and faster in _______ than in _______.

There are no active transport mechanisms for respiratory gases.Therefore, the only means by which respiratory gases are exchanged is _______.

A large drop in arterial O2 has a _______ effect on breathing rate.

Which statement about respiration in birds and mammals is true?

Gas exchange in animals always involves

Which feature characterizes the air sacs of birds?

In the equation below, which quantity represents the volume of your normal breath? Total lung capacity = residual volume + expiratory reserve volume + inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume

Refer to the figure showing the respiratory system in birds. In the respiratory cycle of birds, air flows

Breathing rhythm is generated in the _______ and is influenced by variation in levels of _______ in the blood.

Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) suspect that a victim of a serious accident has suffered an injury to the brainstem because his breathing has continued but is irregular.Specifically, the injury is likely to

Which characterizes the lungs of birds?

Refer to the figure showing a countercurrent exchanger from a fish gill. The values in the figure represent percent saturation of O2.Based on the information provided, which statement is true?

Which represents the correct order of structures through which air travels to reach the cells of insects?

Which is a benefit provided by fetal hemoglobin?

Small insects may take a bubble of air underwater when they dive.The bubble can serve as an air tank for some time because

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Filters

A small amount of CO₂ in the bloodstream stimulates a _______ increase in breathing rate.

Due to the activity of carbonic anhydrase, within the lung there is a concentration gradient of ___ that is higher in the _ than in the _____.

All gases diffuse faster at __ temperatures, and faster in _ than in _____.

A large drop in arterial O₂ has a _______ effect on breathing rate.

Breathing rhythm is generated in the _ and is influenced by variation in levels of _ in the blood.

Refer to the figure showing a countercurrent exchanger from a fish gill. The values in the figure represent percent saturation of O₂.Based on the information provided, which statement is true?