Question 1

The Bohr effect is the phenomenon whereby decreases in _______ cause hemoglobin to _______ O2.

Accepted Answer

A)  temperature; bind to 
B)  pH; release 
C)  hydrogen ion concentrations; release 
D)  pH; hold onto 
E)  BPG; release 
A)  temperature; bind to 
B)  pH; release 
C)  hydrogen ion concentrations; release 
D)  pH; hold onto 
E)  BPG; release

Question 2

Myoglobin benefits muscle cells by

Accepted Answer

A)  binding with O2 just as readily as hemoglobin does. 
B)  contributing to the elasticity of flight muscle in birds. 
C)  increasing the effectiveness of muscles used in short bursts. 
D)  using hemoglobin as a reserve source of oxygen. 
E)  releasing bound O2 at lower PO2 conditions than hemoglobin does. 
A)  binding with O2 just as readily as hemoglobin does. 
B)  contributing to the elasticity of flight muscle in birds. 
C)  increasing the effectiveness of muscles used in short bursts. 
D)  using hemoglobin as a reserve source of oxygen. 
E)  releasing bound O2 at lower PO2 conditions than hemoglobin does.

Question 3

Which statement about the transport of respiratory gases by the blood in humans is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The amount of O2 that can be dissolved directly in plasma is sufficient to support the resting metabolism. 
B)  By binding O2, hemoglobin prevents an O2 concentration gradient from forming between the blood and the tissues. 
C)  Internal perfusion of the gas exchange surfaces is dependent on blood flow. 
D)  Each hemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of two O2 molecules. 
E)  Molecules of O2 are associated with the polypeptide subunits of hemoglobin. 
A)  The amount of O2 that can be dissolved directly in plasma is sufficient to support the resting metabolism. 
B)  By binding O2, hemoglobin prevents an O2 concentration gradient from forming between the blood and the tissues. 
C)  Internal perfusion of the gas exchange surfaces is dependent on blood flow. 
D)  Each hemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of two O2 molecules. 
E)  Molecules of O2 are associated with the polypeptide subunits of hemoglobin.

Question 4

Which feature characterizes 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid (BPG)?

Accepted Answer

A)  It shifts the O2-binding/dissociation curve for hemoglobin to the left. 
B)  It has the same effect as a higher pH. 
C)  It is a product of protein synthesis. 
D)  It causes hemoglobin to release more of its bound O2 than it normally would. 
E)  It reversibly combines with deoxygenated hemoglobin and raises its affinity for O2. 
A)  It shifts the O2-binding/dissociation curve for hemoglobin to the left. 
B)  It has the same effect as a higher pH. 
C)  It is a product of protein synthesis. 
D)  It causes hemoglobin to release more of its bound O2 than it normally would. 
E)  It reversibly combines with deoxygenated hemoglobin and raises its affinity for O2.

Question 5

Refer to the figure showing three aquatic species.   Which organism(s) is/are adapted for maximizing respiratory gas exchange by having a small path length (the variable L in Fick's law) for diffusion of respiratory gases?

Accepted Answer

A)  A only 
B)  B only 
C)  C only 
D)  A and B only 
E)  A, B, and C 
A)  A only 
B)  B only 
C)  C only 
D)  A and B only 
E)  A, B, and C

Question 6

Refer to the figure.   Where would you most likely find this pattern of blood and water flow?

Accepted Answer

A)  Insect trachea 
B)  Fish gill 
C)  Moth larva spiracle 
D)  Salamander larval gill 
E)  Aquatic bird lung 
A)  Insect trachea 
B)  Fish gill 
C)  Moth larva spiracle 
D)  Salamander larval gill 
E)  Aquatic bird lung

Question 7

Breathing rhythm is generated in the _______ and modified by neurons either in or above the _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  medulla; pons 
B)  medulla; spinal cord 
C)  spinal cord; pons 
D)  spinal cord; cerebellum 
E)  cerebellum; medulla 
A)  medulla; pons 
B)  medulla; spinal cord 
C)  spinal cord; pons 
D)  spinal cord; cerebellum 
E)  cerebellum; medulla

Question 8

While climbing to a Mount Everest base camp you find that you have less energy to climb the higher you go.The most likely reason for this is that

Accepted Answer

A)  your metabolic rate increases at higher altitudes. 
B)  it is harder to get rid of CO2 from your lungs at higher altitudes. 
C)  there is a lower percentage of oxygen in the air at higher altitudes. 
D)  it is more difficult for your blood to obtain oxygen from the air at higher altitudes. 
E)  the partial pressure of oxygen in the air is higher at higher altitudes. 
A)  your metabolic rate increases at higher altitudes. 
B)  it is harder to get rid of CO2 from your lungs at higher altitudes. 
C)  there is a lower percentage of oxygen in the air at higher altitudes. 
D)  it is more difficult for your blood to obtain oxygen from the air at higher altitudes. 
E)  the partial pressure of oxygen in the air is higher at higher altitudes.

Question 9

If the O2-binding/dissociation curves were plotted for the following types of hemoglobin at the pH levels indicated, which curve would be to the right of all the others?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fetal human hemoglobin at pH 7.6 
B)  Adult human hemoglobin at pH 7.6 
C)  Adult human hemoglobin at pH 7.2 
D)  Fetal human hemoglobin at pH 7.2 
E)  Adult human hemoglobin at pH 7.2 in a person at a high altitude 
A)  Fetal human hemoglobin at pH 7.6 
B)  Adult human hemoglobin at pH 7.6 
C)  Adult human hemoglobin at pH 7.2 
D)  Fetal human hemoglobin at pH 7.2 
E)  Adult human hemoglobin at pH 7.2 in a person at a high altitude

Question 10

Which statement about surfactants is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lung surfactant is a sticky substance similar to mucus. 
B)  Surfactants increase the cohesive forces between water molecules. 
C)  Certain cells in the diaphragm produce surfactants to increase its elasticity. 
D)  Increased surface tension caused by surfactants reduces the amount of effort required to inflate the lungs. 
E)  Premature infants suffer respiratory distress syndrome if natural surfactants are not present within the lungs. 
A)  Lung surfactant is a sticky substance similar to mucus. 
B)  Surfactants increase the cohesive forces between water molecules. 
C)  Certain cells in the diaphragm produce surfactants to increase its elasticity. 
D)  Increased surface tension caused by surfactants reduces the amount of effort required to inflate the lungs. 
E)  Premature infants suffer respiratory distress syndrome if natural surfactants are not present within the lungs.

Question 11

Which is a characteristic of the residual volume of human lungs?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is larger in healthy people than in people with respiratory disease. 
B)  It equals the functional residual volume plus the expiratory reserve volume. 
C)  It contributes to the dilution of oxygen in inhaled air. 
D)  It can be measured directly with a spirometer. 
E)  There are no indirect methods for determining it. 
A)  It is larger in healthy people than in people with respiratory disease. 
B)  It equals the functional residual volume plus the expiratory reserve volume. 
C)  It contributes to the dilution of oxygen in inhaled air. 
D)  It can be measured directly with a spirometer. 
E)  There are no indirect methods for determining it.

Question 12

The rate at which a gas diffuses between two locations _______ between those locations.

Accepted Answer

A)  is unrelated to the distance 
B)  is positively related to the distance 
C)  is the square root of the distance 
D)  is negatively related to the distance 
E)  increases as the distance increases 
A)  is unrelated to the distance 
B)  is positively related to the distance 
C)  is the square root of the distance 
D)  is negatively related to the distance 
E)  increases as the distance increases

Question 13

Vital capacity is equal to

Accepted Answer

A)  total lung capacity + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume. 
B)  tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume. 
C)  reserve volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume. 
D)  tidal volume + residual volume + expiratory reserve volume. 
E)  reserve volume + total lung capacity. 
A)  total lung capacity + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume. 
B)  tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume. 
C)  reserve volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume. 
D)  tidal volume + residual volume + expiratory reserve volume. 
E)  reserve volume + total lung capacity.

Question 14

Smokers tend to cough frequently because coughing

Accepted Answer

A)  releases the tar that fills numerous alveoli. 
B)  is a response to histamine that is released when smoke narrows the airway. 
C)  clears the mucus, which the paralyzed cilia can no longer do. 
D)  assists in release of surfactant, which is inhibited by smoking. 
E)  assists the diaphragm in contracting, improving exhalation. 
A)  releases the tar that fills numerous alveoli. 
B)  is a response to histamine that is released when smoke narrows the airway. 
C)  clears the mucus, which the paralyzed cilia can no longer do. 
D)  assists in release of surfactant, which is inhibited by smoking. 
E)  assists the diaphragm in contracting, improving exhalation.

Question 15

Which of the following represents the correct air pathway during inhalation in humans?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pharynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 trachea F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 bronchi F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 larynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 alveoli 
B)  Larynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 trachea F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 pharynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 bronchi F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 alveoli 
C)  Trachea F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 larynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 pharynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 bronchi F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 alveoli 
D)  Trachea F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 larynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 pharynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 alveoli F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 bronchi 
E)  Pharynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 larynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 trachea F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 bronchi F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 alveoli 
A)  Pharynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 trachea F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 bronchi F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 larynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 alveoli 
B)  Larynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 trachea F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 pharynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 bronchi F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 alveoli 
C)  Trachea F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 larynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 pharynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 bronchi F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 alveoli 
D)  Trachea F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 larynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 pharynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 alveoli F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 bronchi 
E)  Pharynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 larynx F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 trachea F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 bronchi F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 alveoli

Question 16

Refer to the figure.   The figure shows a tracing of ventilation volumes that would be typical of your own breathing when at rest.If you started running, which arrow(s) would increase in length, as the peaks changed size in the tracing?

Accepted Answer

Only arrow 1 showing tidal vol

Question 17

Refer to the figure.   This capillary could be in a(n) _______.This is apparent because _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  human intestine; carbon dioxide is diffusing from the tissue labeled 1 into the plasma of the capillary 
B)  human intestine; CO2 is binding with hemoglobin and remaining in the red blood cell 
C)  human lung; the enzyme present at label 2 is catalyzing the reaction in which carbon dioxide and water are combined to form bicarbonate 
D)  human lung; the reaction at label 2 is being catalyzed by the enzyme called carbon dioxide hydrase 
E)  insect air sac; bicarbonate ions are entering the plasma in exchange for chloride ions 
A)  human intestine; carbon dioxide is diffusing from the tissue labeled 1 into the plasma of the capillary 
B)  human intestine; CO2 is binding with hemoglobin and remaining in the red blood cell 
C)  human lung; the enzyme present at label 2 is catalyzing the reaction in which carbon dioxide and water are combined to form bicarbonate 
D)  human lung; the reaction at label 2 is being catalyzed by the enzyme called carbon dioxide hydrase 
E)  insect air sac; bicarbonate ions are entering the plasma in exchange for chloride ions

Question 18

When your diaphragm relaxes and your thoracic cavity contracts, you are _______, and the pressure in your alveoli is _______ the atmospheric pressure.

Accepted Answer

A)  inhaling; staying the same as 
B)  inhaling; becoming negative compared to 
C)  inhaling; becoming positive compared to 
D)  exhaling; becoming negative compared to 
E)  exhaling; becoming positive compared to 
A)  inhaling; staying the same as 
B)  inhaling; becoming negative compared to 
C)  inhaling; becoming positive compared to 
D)  exhaling; becoming negative compared to 
E)  exhaling; becoming positive compared to

Question 19

Why would you be more likely to find birds than mammals at high altitudes?

Accepted Answer

Birds have a more efficient respiratory

Question 20

The delicate gills of fishes are protected by _______ and supported by _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  opercular flaps; gill arches 
B)  opercular flaps; gill filaments 
C)  gill filaments; gill arches 
D)  opercular flaps; a diaphragm 
E)  gill arches; a diaphragm 
A)  opercular flaps; gill arches 
B)  opercular flaps; gill filaments 
C)  gill filaments; gill arches 
D)  opercular flaps; a diaphragm 
E)  gill arches; a diaphragm

Exam 48: Gas Exchange

The Bohr effect is the phenomenon whereby decreases in _______ cause hemoglobin to _______ O2.

Myoglobin benefits muscle cells by

Which statement about the transport of respiratory gases by the blood in humans is true?

Which feature characterizes 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid (BPG)?

Refer to the figure showing three aquatic species. Which organism(s) is/are adapted for maximizing respiratory gas exchange by having a small path length (the variable L in Fick's law) for diffusion of respiratory gases?

Refer to the figure. Where would you most likely find this pattern of blood and water flow?

Breathing rhythm is generated in the _______ and modified by neurons either in or above the _______.

While climbing to a Mount Everest base camp you find that you have less energy to climb the higher you go.The most likely reason for this is that

If the O2-binding/dissociation curves were plotted for the following types of hemoglobin at the pH levels indicated, which curve would be to the right of all the others?

Which statement about surfactants is true?

Which is a characteristic of the residual volume of human lungs?

The rate at which a gas diffuses between two locations _______ between those locations.

Vital capacity is equal to

Smokers tend to cough frequently because coughing

Which of the following represents the correct air pathway during inhalation in humans?

Refer to the figure. The figure shows a tracing of ventilation volumes that would be typical of your own breathing when at rest.If you started running, which arrow(s) would increase in length, as the peaks changed size in the tracing?

Refer to the figure. This capillary could be in a(n) _______.This is apparent because _______.

When your diaphragm relaxes and your thoracic cavity contracts, you are _______, and the pressure in your alveoli is _______ the atmospheric pressure.

Why would you be more likely to find birds than mammals at high altitudes?

The delicate gills of fishes are protected by _______ and supported by _______.

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

Species Interactions

Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

Filters

The Bohr effect is the phenomenon whereby decreases in _ cause hemoglobin to _ O₂.

Breathing rhythm is generated in the _ and modified by neurons either in or above the _.

If the O₂-binding/dissociation curves were plotted for the following types of hemoglobin at the pH levels indicated, which curve would be to the right of all the others?

Refer to the figure. This capillary could be in a(n) _.This is apparent because _.

When your diaphragm relaxes and your thoracic cavity contracts, you are _, and the pressure in your alveoli is _ the atmospheric pressure.

The delicate gills of fishes are protected by _ and supported by _.