Question 1

The primary biochemical component(s) of the fungal cell wall is/are

Accepted Answer

A)  chitin. 
B)  glycogen. 
C)  cellulose. 
D)  a phospholipid bilayer. 
E)  calcium and magnesium pectates. 
A)  chitin. 
B)  glycogen. 
C)  cellulose. 
D)  a phospholipid bilayer. 
E)  calcium and magnesium pectates.

Question 2

Refer to the figure, which shows the phylogeny of the fungi.   What is the fungal group to which the Ascomycota are least closely related?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the figure, which shows the...

Question 3

Like other opisthokonts, some fungi have _______ flagellum/flagella in a(n) _______ position.

Accepted Answer

A)  two; anterior 
B)  two; posterior 
C)  two; lateral 
D)  one; anterior 
E)  one; posterior 
A)  two; anterior 
B)  two; posterior 
C)  two; lateral 
D)  one; anterior 
E)  one; posterior

Question 4

Lichen soredia, upon reaching a new location

Accepted Answer

A)  must undergo sexual reproduction to form a thallus. 
B)  must acquire a new photosynthetic partner. 
C)  can grow into a new complete lichen, provided environmental conditions are suitable. 
D)  can undergo meiosis and then make contact with a different mating type. 
E)  must immediately enter a period of prolonged dormancy. 
A)  must undergo sexual reproduction to form a thallus. 
B)  must acquire a new photosynthetic partner. 
C)  can grow into a new complete lichen, provided environmental conditions are suitable. 
D)  can undergo meiosis and then make contact with a different mating type. 
E)  must immediately enter a period of prolonged dormancy.

Question 5

Which group is not monophyletic?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sac fungi 
B)  Chytrids 
C)  Club fungi 
D)  Dikarya 
E)  Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 
A)  Sac fungi 
B)  Chytrids 
C)  Club fungi 
D)  Dikarya 
E)  Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Question 6

A chytrid fungus produces gametes through the process of _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A chytrid fungus produces gametes through the...

Question 7

The scientific term for the "mushroom" part of a club fungus is _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The scientific term for the "mushroom" part...

Question 8

Refer to the figure, which shows the anatomy of a lichen.   Which layer(s) of the lichen is/are capable of mineral absorption?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the figure, which shows the...

Question 9

Which environment would most likely harbor diverse and prolific fungal populations?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rocky terrain, with few plants or animals 
B)  A hot, sunny desert with minimal annual rainfall 
C)  A shady and damp forest floor covered in leaf litter 
D)  A patch of soil exposed to constant fluctuations in moisture level 
E)  A bright and cool prairie with little animal disturbance 
A)  Rocky terrain, with few plants or animals 
B)  A hot, sunny desert with minimal annual rainfall 
C)  A shady and damp forest floor covered in leaf litter 
D)  A patch of soil exposed to constant fluctuations in moisture level 
E)  A bright and cool prairie with little animal disturbance

Question 10

Lichens acquire energy via

Accepted Answer

A)  decaying matter. 
B)  photosynthesis. 
C)  parasitism. 
D)  minerals in the air and precipitation. 
E)  chemosynthesis of minerals in rocks. 
A)  decaying matter. 
B)  photosynthesis. 
C)  parasitism. 
D)  minerals in the air and precipitation. 
E)  chemosynthesis of minerals in rocks.

Question 11

Yeasts may be characterized as

Accepted Answer

A)  primitive fungi of the phylum Zygomycota. 
B)  unicellular forms of several different fungal phyla. 
C)  the fungal components of lichens. 
D)  simple members of the fungal phylum Basidiomycota. 
E)  primitive fungi of the phylum Chytridiomycota. 
A)  primitive fungi of the phylum Zygomycota. 
B)  unicellular forms of several different fungal phyla. 
C)  the fungal components of lichens. 
D)  simple members of the fungal phylum Basidiomycota. 
E)  primitive fungi of the phylum Chytridiomycota.

Question 12

_______ are organisms that live on dead matter.

Accepted Answer

A)  Parasites 
B)  Saprobes 
C)  Anaerobes 
D)  Aerobes 
E)  Autotrophs 
A)  Parasites 
B)  Saprobes 
C)  Anaerobes 
D)  Aerobes 
E)  Autotrophs

Question 13

The sexual reproductive structure of club fungi is the

Accepted Answer

A)  basidium. 
B)  zygospore. 
C)  chytridiospore. 
D)  glomerospore. 
E)  ascus. 
A)  basidium. 
B)  zygospore. 
C)  chytridiospore. 
D)  glomerospore. 
E)  ascus.

Question 14

Lichens are vulnerable to air pollution because they are unable to excrete toxic substances.They may be prone to taking up these substances because of the

Accepted Answer

A)  presence of algal cells in the uppermost layer of the lichen thallus. 
B)  preference of lichens for growth on tree bark. 
C)  high surface area-to-volume ratio of the fungal hyphae composing the lichen. 
D)  sticky outer surface of the lichen thallus, to which airborne particles become attached. 
E)  high carbohydrate content, which also makes lichens widely useful as a food source. 
A)  presence of algal cells in the uppermost layer of the lichen thallus. 
B)  preference of lichens for growth on tree bark. 
C)  high surface area-to-volume ratio of the fungal hyphae composing the lichen. 
D)  sticky outer surface of the lichen thallus, to which airborne particles become attached. 
E)  high carbohydrate content, which also makes lichens widely useful as a food source.

Question 15

Assume that one haploid nucleus of a fungus with a dikaryotic life cycle contains 16 chromosomes.At the zygote stage, the fungus has _______ chromosomes.

Accepted Answer

A)  4 
B)  8 
C)  16 
D)  32 
E)  64 
A)  4 
B)  8 
C)  16 
D)  32 
E)  64

Question 16

You can be certain that an unknown organism is not a member of the Fungi if it

Accepted Answer

A)  is multicellular and not photosynthetic. 
B)  has cell walls and reproduces by spores. 
C)  has filamentous growth and obtains its food by absorption. 
D)  has chlorophyll and cell walls made of cellulose. 
E)  is unicellular and eukaryotic. 
A)  is multicellular and not photosynthetic. 
B)  has cell walls and reproduces by spores. 
C)  has filamentous growth and obtains its food by absorption. 
D)  has chlorophyll and cell walls made of cellulose. 
E)  is unicellular and eukaryotic.

Question 17

Within lichens, fungal hyphae tightly press against their photosynthetic symbiont, sometimes breaching the cell wall to invade these cells and encourage the "leak" of photosynthetic products.Despite the effect fungi have on their photosynthetic counterparts, what evidence supports the claim that lichens are an example of mutualism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Some fungi involved in these associations can grow independently of their photosynthetic partners. 
B)  The fungal component protects the photosynthetic counterpart from accumulating too much sugar from photosynthesis. 
C)  In many places where lichens grow, the photosynthetic counterparts would be unable to survive without the fungal association. 
D)  The fungal component provides the photosynthetic cells with carbon, while the photosynthetic cells process this carbon into sugar for the fungus. 
E)  Genome sequencing of these photosynthetic counterparts shows key metabolic genes are missing, suggesting a dependence on the fungus to provide these metabolites. 
A)  Some fungi involved in these associations can grow independently of their photosynthetic partners. 
B)  The fungal component protects the photosynthetic counterpart from accumulating too much sugar from photosynthesis. 
C)  In many places where lichens grow, the photosynthetic counterparts would be unable to survive without the fungal association. 
D)  The fungal component provides the photosynthetic cells with carbon, while the photosynthetic cells process this carbon into sugar for the fungus. 
E)  Genome sequencing of these photosynthetic counterparts shows key metabolic genes are missing, suggesting a dependence on the fungus to provide these metabolites.

Question 18

Refer to the figure, which shows a fungal interaction with a plant cell.   Which statement is an accurate description of this interaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  The fungal hyphae have penetrated the plant cell and have broken through the cell membrane in order to obtain nutrients from the plant. 
B)  The fungus has formed haustoria that push directly against the plant plasma membrane in order to absorb nutrients secreted from the plant cell. 
C)  The fungal hyphae are ectomycorrhizae and have entered the plant cell in order to provide nitrogen in exchange for carbon compounds. 
D)  The fungus and plant cell have joined together in a symbiotic association to form a lichen. 
E)  The fungal hyphae are part of an arbuscular mycorrhizal network in which the fungus provides carbon to the plant in exchange for nitrogen. 
A)  The fungal hyphae have penetrated the plant cell and have broken through the cell membrane in order to obtain nutrients from the plant. 
B)  The fungus has formed haustoria that push directly against the plant plasma membrane in order to absorb nutrients secreted from the plant cell. 
C)  The fungal hyphae are ectomycorrhizae and have entered the plant cell in order to provide nitrogen in exchange for carbon compounds. 
D)  The fungus and plant cell have joined together in a symbiotic association to form a lichen. 
E)  The fungal hyphae are part of an arbuscular mycorrhizal network in which the fungus provides carbon to the plant in exchange for nitrogen.

Question 19

The hyphae of a multicellular fungus are organized into profusely branching complexes called

Accepted Answer

A)  dikaryons. 
B)  heterokaryons. 
C)  rhizoids. 
D)  mycelia. 
E)  arbuscules. 
A)  dikaryons. 
B)  heterokaryons. 
C)  rhizoids. 
D)  mycelia. 
E)  arbuscules.

Question 20

In the life cycle of a fungus, the fruiting structure

Accepted Answer

A)  attracts predators away from the underground mycelium. 
B)  carries out gas exchange with the atmosphere. 
C)  produces spores for reproduction. 
D)  absorbs light for photosynthesis. 
E)  supplies nutrients to the underground mycelium. 
A)  attracts predators away from the underground mycelium. 
B)  carries out gas exchange with the atmosphere. 
C)  produces spores for reproduction. 
D)  absorbs light for photosynthesis. 
E)  supplies nutrients to the underground mycelium.

Exam 29: The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

The primary biochemical component(s) of the fungal cell wall is/are

Refer to the figure, which shows the phylogeny of the fungi. What is the fungal group to which the Ascomycota are least closely related?

Like other opisthokonts, some fungi have _______ flagellum/flagella in a(n) _______ position.

Lichen soredia, upon reaching a new location

Which group is not monophyletic?

A chytrid fungus produces gametes through the process of _______.

The scientific term for the "mushroom" part of a club fungus is _______.

Refer to the figure, which shows the anatomy of a lichen. Which layer(s) of the lichen is/are capable of mineral absorption?

Which environment would most likely harbor diverse and prolific fungal populations?

Lichens acquire energy via

Yeasts may be characterized as

_______ are organisms that live on dead matter.

The sexual reproductive structure of club fungi is the

Lichens are vulnerable to air pollution because they are unable to excrete toxic substances.They may be prone to taking up these substances because of the

Assume that one haploid nucleus of a fungus with a dikaryotic life cycle contains 16 chromosomes.At the zygote stage, the fungus has _______ chromosomes.

You can be certain that an unknown organism is not a member of the Fungi if it

Refer to the figure, which shows a fungal interaction with a plant cell. Which statement is an accurate description of this interaction?

The hyphae of a multicellular fungus are organized into profusely branching complexes called

In the life cycle of a fungus, the fruiting structure

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

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The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

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The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

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Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

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The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

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Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

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Like other opisthokonts, some fungi have _ flagellum/flagella in a(n) _ position.