Question 1

All of the following are nonpolar except

Accepted Answer

A)  O2. 
B)  N2. 
C)  CH4. 
D)  NaCl. 
E)  H2. 
A)  O2. 
B)  N2. 
C)  CH4. 
D)  NaCl. 
E)  H2.

Question 2

Cholesterol is a lipid most often found in cell membranes.It is composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms and has the following chemical formula: C27H46O.Based on this information, one would expect cholesterol to be

Accepted Answer

A)  insoluble in water. 
B)  a highly polar molecule. 
C)  a cation. 
D)  an anion. 
E)  insoluble in hexane. 
A)  insoluble in water. 
B)  a highly polar molecule. 
C)  a cation. 
D)  an anion. 
E)  insoluble in hexane.

Question 3

Which observation illustrates how water's heat of vaporization affects living organisms?

Accepted Answer

A)  Seals can escape polar bear predation by diving through holes in the ice and hiding underwater. 
B)  Puddles resulting from a rainstorm become sites for mosquitoes laying eggs even though air temperatures become extremely hot. 
C)  If not left too long in a wilted state, a drooping plant can be revived by adding water to its soil. 
D)  Arctic ice is home to millions of species of organisms that live on its surface even though it is composed of water and is not a landmass. 
E)  Fish die when water temperatures rise as the result of the decreasing ability of water to dissolve oxygen at higher temperatures. 
A)  Seals can escape polar bear predation by diving through holes in the ice and hiding underwater. 
B)  Puddles resulting from a rainstorm become sites for mosquitoes laying eggs even though air temperatures become extremely hot. 
C)  If not left too long in a wilted state, a drooping plant can be revived by adding water to its soil. 
D)  Arctic ice is home to millions of species of organisms that live on its surface even though it is composed of water and is not a landmass. 
E)  Fish die when water temperatures rise as the result of the decreasing ability of water to dissolve oxygen at higher temperatures.

Question 4

The pH scale is a logarithmic scale.This means that

Accepted Answer

A)  a solution with a pH of 7 is twice as acidic as a solution with a pH of 9. 
B)  a solution with a pH of 7 is twice as acidic as a solution with a pH of 5. 
C)  a solution with a pH of 7 is 10 times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 9. 
D)  a solution with a pH of 7 is 10 times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 5. 
E)  a solution with a pH of 7 is 100 times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 9. 
A)  a solution with a pH of 7 is twice as acidic as a solution with a pH of 9. 
B)  a solution with a pH of 7 is twice as acidic as a solution with a pH of 5. 
C)  a solution with a pH of 7 is 10 times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 9. 
D)  a solution with a pH of 7 is 10 times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 5. 
E)  a solution with a pH of 7 is 100 times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 9.

Question 5

Refer to the table below.   Which statement explains reasons for differences in the heat of vaporization for these compounds?

Accepted Answer

A)  Glycerin's high heat of vaporization compared with that of the other molecules can be explained because it is both polar and capable of forming hydrogen bonds. 
B)  The heat of vaporization of glycerin is twice as high as that of water because glycerin is so much larger in size than water. 
C)  The greater hydrogen-bonding capacity of glycerin explains its greater heat of vaporization when compared with water or propanol. 
D)  Water has a lower heat of vaporization compared with glycerin and propanol because its hydrogen bonds are weaker. 
E)  Molecules that are polar and capable of forming hydrogen bonds tend to have similar heats of vaporization. 
A)  Glycerin's high heat of vaporization compared with that of the other molecules can be explained because it is both polar and capable of forming hydrogen bonds. 
B)  The heat of vaporization of glycerin is twice as high as that of water because glycerin is so much larger in size than water. 
C)  The greater hydrogen-bonding capacity of glycerin explains its greater heat of vaporization when compared with water or propanol. 
D)  Water has a lower heat of vaporization compared with glycerin and propanol because its hydrogen bonds are weaker. 
E)  Molecules that are polar and capable of forming hydrogen bonds tend to have similar heats of vaporization.

Question 6

Which of the elements listed below requires two additional electrons to fill the outermost electron shell?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lithium 
B)  Carbon 
C)  Nitrogen 
D)  Oxygen 
E)  Fluorine 
A)  Lithium 
B)  Carbon 
C)  Nitrogen 
D)  Oxygen 
E)  Fluorine

Question 7

Refer to the figure below.   Does this figure accurately show how the ionic compound lithium oxide forms?

Accepted Answer

A)  Yes, because it shows two atoms forming ions that attract one another. 
B)  Yes, because it shows how lithium and oxygen share electrons to form a bond. 
C)  No, because lithium should gain electrons from oxygen, not the other way around, as shown. 
D)  No, because oxygen has an incomplete outer shell and needs an electron from a second lithium atom. 
E)  No, because the figure does not show how lithium and oxygen share electrons. 
A)  Yes, because it shows two atoms forming ions that attract one another. 
B)  Yes, because it shows how lithium and oxygen share electrons to form a bond. 
C)  No, because lithium should gain electrons from oxygen, not the other way around, as shown. 
D)  No, because oxygen has an incomplete outer shell and needs an electron from a second lithium atom. 
E)  No, because the figure does not show how lithium and oxygen share electrons.

Question 8

Refer to the balanced chemical equation below.
 C3H8 + 5 O2 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 4 H2O + 3 CO2
Which statement correctly describes this reaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  The products contain the same chemical bonds as the reactants. 
B)  The combined mass of the products differs from the combined mass of the reactants. 
C)  The products contain the same elements in different numbers than the reactants do. 
D)  The products differ from the reactants in their elemental composition. 
E)  The products contain the same number and type of atoms present in the reactants. 
A)  The products contain the same chemical bonds as the reactants. 
B)  The combined mass of the products differs from the combined mass of the reactants. 
C)  The products contain the same elements in different numbers than the reactants do. 
D)  The products differ from the reactants in their elemental composition. 
E)  The products contain the same number and type of atoms present in the reactants.

Question 9

Hydrogen bonds are attractions

Accepted Answer

A)  between oppositely charged ions. 
B)  between atoms, resulting in electron sharing. 
C)  between cations. 
D)  between atoms, each with partial electrical charges. 
E)  that rely on hydrophobic interactions. 
A)  between oppositely charged ions. 
B)  between atoms, resulting in electron sharing. 
C)  between cations. 
D)  between atoms, each with partial electrical charges. 
E)  that rely on hydrophobic interactions.

Question 10

Covalent bond formation depends on the ability of atoms to _______ other atoms.

Accepted Answer

A)  share one or more pairs of electrons with 
B)  donate electrons to 
C)  receive electrons from 
D)  share neutrons with 
E)  donate protons to 
A)  share one or more pairs of electrons with 
B)  donate electrons to 
C)  receive electrons from 
D)  share neutrons with 
E)  donate protons to

Question 11

Oxygen, which has an electronegativity of 3.5, will have a stronger attraction for _______ compared with carbon, which has an electronegativity of 2.5.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Oxygen, which has an electronegativity of 3.5,...

Question 12

Refer to the balanced chemical equation below.
2 H2O + 572 kJ F1F1F1S1F1F1F10F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 2 H2 + O2
According to the information given, the energy supplied for this reaction is stored in the chemical _______ of the products.

Accepted Answer

Question 13

How many electrons occupy the orbital in the first energy level of an oxygen atom?

Accepted Answer

A)  One 
B)  Two 
C)  Four 
D)  Six 
E)  Eight 
A)  One 
B)  Two 
C)  Four 
D)  Six 
E)  Eight

Question 14

Refer to the figure below.   A living cell carries out this chemical reaction in many steps with a very small release of heat.The same chemical reaction can be carried out in one step in a chemistry lab using special equipment with the release of a very large amount of heat.Which statement related to this observation is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Although the overall chemical reactions are the same, the cellular reaction involves less energy release than the reaction carried out in the lab. 
B)  The total amount of energy present before a reaction can change by the end of the reaction, depending on how the reaction proceeds. 
C)  Energy is not conserved in reactions carried out in laboratories; it is only conserved in reactions in living organisms. 
D)  Energy that escapes as heat is not considered when accounting for the changes in energy during any chemical reaction. 
E)  Energy in equals energy out in both cases, but most of the energy released is diverted to chemical bond energy in the cell instead of being released as heat. 
A)  Although the overall chemical reactions are the same, the cellular reaction involves less energy release than the reaction carried out in the lab. 
B)  The total amount of energy present before a reaction can change by the end of the reaction, depending on how the reaction proceeds. 
C)  Energy is not conserved in reactions carried out in laboratories; it is only conserved in reactions in living organisms. 
D)  Energy that escapes as heat is not considered when accounting for the changes in energy during any chemical reaction. 
E)  Energy in equals energy out in both cases, but most of the energy released is diverted to chemical bond energy in the cell instead of being released as heat.

Question 15

Water is a polar molecule.This property contributes to cohesion and surface tension.Sketch five water molecules, and indicate how hydrogen bonding between molecules contributes to cohesion and surface tension.Be sure to include appropriate covalent bonds in each molecule.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Water is a polar molecule.This property contributes...

Question 16

Refer to the table below, which shows the percentage abundance of elements by mass in five different samples.   Which sample was taken from a living organism?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  5 
A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  5

Question 17

When exposed to extreme heat, the human body relies on _______ to absorb excess calories of heat and maintain normal body temperature.

Accepted Answer

A)  evaporation 
B)  condensation 
C)  respiration 
D)  transpiration 
E)  degradation 
A)  evaporation 
B)  condensation 
C)  respiration 
D)  transpiration 
E)  degradation

Question 18

An atom with _______ has an atomic mass of 14.

Accepted Answer

A)  14 neutrons 
B)  14 electrons 
C)  7 neutrons and 7 electrons 
D)  7 protons and 7 electrons 
E)  6 protons and 8 neutrons 
A)  14 neutrons 
B)  14 electrons 
C)  7 neutrons and 7 electrons 
D)  7 protons and 7 electrons 
E)  6 protons and 8 neutrons

Question 19

Vegetable oil is composed of long-chain hydrocarbon molecules.Vegetable oil and water do not mix but form separate layers.Which statement describes the interactions between molecules in this case?

Accepted Answer

A)  The water molecules and the hydrocarbon molecules interact with their own kind through hydrogen bonding, but they do not interact with each other. 
B)  The water molecules and the hydrocarbon molecules interact with their own kind through hydrophilic interactions, but they do not interact with each other. 
C)  The water molecules and the hydrocarbon molecules interact with their own kind through hydrophobic interactions, but they do not interact with each other. 
D)  The water molecules interact through hydrophobic interactions, and the hydrocarbon molecules interact through hydrophilic interactions. 
E)  The water molecules interact through hydrophilic interactions, and the hydrocarbon molecules interact through hydrophobic interactions. 
A)  The water molecules and the hydrocarbon molecules interact with their own kind through hydrogen bonding, but they do not interact with each other. 
B)  The water molecules and the hydrocarbon molecules interact with their own kind through hydrophilic interactions, but they do not interact with each other. 
C)  The water molecules and the hydrocarbon molecules interact with their own kind through hydrophobic interactions, but they do not interact with each other. 
D)  The water molecules interact through hydrophobic interactions, and the hydrocarbon molecules interact through hydrophilic interactions. 
E)  The water molecules interact through hydrophilic interactions, and the hydrocarbon molecules interact through hydrophobic interactions.

Question 20

When magnesium (Mg) bonds with another element, it

Accepted Answer

A)  gains two electrons from the other element. 
B)  shares four electrons with the other element. 
C)  loses two electrons to the other element. 
D)  forms a hydrogen bond. 
E)  gains six electrons from the other element. 
A)  gains two electrons from the other element. 
B)  shares four electrons with the other element. 
C)  loses two electrons to the other element. 
D)  forms a hydrogen bond. 
E)  gains six electrons from the other element.

Exam 2: Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

All of the following are nonpolar except

Cholesterol is a lipid most often found in cell membranes.It is composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms and has the following chemical formula: C27H46O.Based on this information, one would expect cholesterol to be

Which observation illustrates how water's heat of vaporization affects living organisms?

The pH scale is a logarithmic scale.This means that

Refer to the table below. Which statement explains reasons for differences in the heat of vaporization for these compounds?

Which of the elements listed below requires two additional electrons to fill the outermost electron shell?

Refer to the figure below. Does this figure accurately show how the ionic compound lithium oxide forms?

Refer to the balanced chemical equation below. C3H8 + 5 O2  4 H2O + 3 CO2 Which statement correctly describes this reaction?

Hydrogen bonds are attractions

Covalent bond formation depends on the ability of atoms to _______ other atoms.

Oxygen, which has an electronegativity of 3.5, will have a stronger attraction for _______ compared with carbon, which has an electronegativity of 2.5.

Refer to the balanced chemical equation below. 2 H2O + 572 kJ  2 H2 + O2 According to the information given, the energy supplied for this reaction is stored in the chemical _______ of the products.

How many electrons occupy the orbital in the first energy level of an oxygen atom?

Water is a polar molecule.This property contributes to cohesion and surface tension.Sketch five water molecules, and indicate how hydrogen bonding between molecules contributes to cohesion and surface tension.Be sure to include appropriate covalent bonds in each molecule.

Refer to the table below, which shows the percentage abundance of elements by mass in five different samples. Which sample was taken from a living organism?

When exposed to extreme heat, the human body relies on _______ to absorb excess calories of heat and maintain normal body temperature.

An atom with _______ has an atomic mass of 14.

Vegetable oil is composed of long-chain hydrocarbon molecules.Vegetable oil and water do not mix but form separate layers.Which statement describes the interactions between molecules in this case?

When magnesium (Mg) bonds with another element, it

Studying Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

Species Interactions

Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

Filters

Cholesterol is a lipid most often found in cell membranes.It is composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms and has the following chemical formula: C₂₇H₄₆O.Based on this information, one would expect cholesterol to be

Refer to the balanced chemical equation below. C₃H₈ + 5 O₂  4 H₂O + 3 CO₂ Which statement correctly describes this reaction?

Refer to the balanced chemical equation below. 2 H₂O + 572 kJ  2 H₂ + O₂ According to the information given, the energy supplied for this reaction is stored in the chemical _______ of the products.