Exam 22: Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of which of the following?

If organisms 1, 2, and 3 belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms 3, 4, and 5 belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of morphological homology?

Which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient aerobic bacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium?

Which of the following statements explains why paralogous genes can diverge from each other within the same gene pool, whereas orthologous genes diverge only after gene pools are isolated from each other?

Which of the following statements about horizontal gene transfer is accurate?

Which of the following taxa are problematic when the goal is to construct phylogenies that accurately reflect evolutionary history?

Which phylogenetic tree can best be used to support the claim that the microsporidians are a sister group of the cryptomycetes?

Cyanobacteria were once called blue-green algae because they are photosynthetic. According to the phylogeny shown, to which of the following organisms are the cyanobacteria more closely related?

Which of the following information would be most useful in creating a phylogenetic tree of a taxon?

A phylogenetic tree is shown for the three domains of life (Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria). The tree branches in two directions from the first point, labeled Common ancestor of all life. One branch leads in the direction of Eukarya and Archaea, and the other branch leads to Bacteria. The branch leading to Eukarya and Archaea divide, one branch leading to each domain. The branch leading to Eukarya divides into four branches. One leads to Euglenozoans, and the other three lead to branching points. The first leads to Forams in one direction, and another branching point in the other that leads to Diatoms and Ciliates. The second branching point leads to Red algae in one direction, and a branching point that leads to green algae and land plants in the other direction. The third branching point leads to amoebas in one direction, and a branching point that leads to fungi and animals in the other direction. Land plants, Fungi and Animals are all highlighted. Which of the following pairs of organisms form a sister group?

Use the following figure and description to answer the question. Humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans are members of a clade called the great apes, which shared a common ancestor approximately 15 million years ago. Referring to the phylogenetic tree in the figure, which of the following pairs of apes are most closely related?

Which phylogenetic tree can best be used to show that the zygomycetes and chytrids are the most closely related?

For which of the following organisms would a phylogenetic tree constructed using sequence differences in mitochondrial DNA would be most valid for discerning their evolutionary relatedness?

Which of the following items is most likely to form a simple linear relationship with the number of gene-duplication events, when placed as the label on the vertical axis of the following graph?

Use the following information to answer the question. In the figure, the letters A-G represent individual species that all descended from a common ancestor. Which of the following groups of these species forms a monophyletic group?

If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup?

Which of the following statements best describes the rationale for applying the principle of maximum parsimony in constructing phylogenetic trees?

The relative lengths of the frog and mouse branches in the phylogenetic tree in the figure indicate that ________.

In the figure, the letters A-G represent individual species that all descended from a common ancestor. Which of the following conclusions regarding the phylogeny of these organisms can be made from this tree?

Carolus Linnaeus believed that species remained fixed in the form in which they had been created. Which of the following concepts are inconsistent with Linnaeus's model of classification?