Question 1

Use the following figures to answer the question.   From the figures, what can we determine about the location of the food sources?

Accepted Answer

A)  The waggle dance in the figure indicates that the food is directly under the hive. 
B)  The waggle dance in the figure indicates that the food is about the height of the hive. 
C)  The waggle dance in the figure indicates that the food is close to the hive. 
D)  The waggle dance in the figure indicates that the food is 90° to the right of the sun. 
A)  The waggle dance in the figure indicates that the food is directly under the hive. 
B)  The waggle dance in the figure indicates that the food is about the height of the hive. 
C)  The waggle dance in the figure indicates that the food is close to the hive. 
D)  The waggle dance in the figure indicates that the food is 90° to the right of the sun. D

Question 2

Use the following figures to answer the question.   What could you conclude if the honeybee in the figure switched from the "waggle dance" to the "round dance"?

Accepted Answer

A)  The food source is no longer available; all the nectar has been harvested. 
B)  The preferred food source was farther away than originally communicated. 
C)  The bee is trying to conserve energy by switching to the round dance. 
D)  The food source is closer to the hive than originally communicated. 
A)  The food source is no longer available; all the nectar has been harvested. 
B)  The preferred food source was farther away than originally communicated. 
C)  The bee is trying to conserve energy by switching to the round dance. 
D)  The food source is closer to the hive than originally communicated. D

Question 3

A male stickleback fish will attack other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory. It will only attack male fish, which display the red belly characteristic of the species. Which of the following is an ultimate causation of this behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  The eyes and brain of male sticklebacks are extra sensitive to the color red, leading to the automatic attack of red invaders. 
B)  The CNS reaction to the color red is a fixed sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to the red invaders. 
C)  Having a territory increases the chances of attracting a mate and passing along more genes to the next generation. 
D)  The sight of red stimulates the autonomic nervous system of male sticklebacks, generating an aggressive physiological response to fight. 
A)  The eyes and brain of male sticklebacks are extra sensitive to the color red, leading to the automatic attack of red invaders. 
B)  The CNS reaction to the color red is a fixed sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to the red invaders. 
C)  Having a territory increases the chances of attracting a mate and passing along more genes to the next generation. 
D)  The sight of red stimulates the autonomic nervous system of male sticklebacks, generating an aggressive physiological response to fight. C

Question 4

Which of the following would best test the hypothesis that moths stop flying in response to high-intensity bat sounds?

Accepted Answer

A)  Isolate and characterize the neurons that control moth flight muscles. 
B)  Play recorded high-intensity bat sounds to wild flying moths and record what happens. 
C)  Observe responses of bats to moths in natural settings. 
D)  In an enclosure, compare the responses of moths to different models shaped like bats. 
A)  Isolate and characterize the neurons that control moth flight muscles. 
B)  Play recorded high-intensity bat sounds to wild flying moths and record what happens. 
C)  Observe responses of bats to moths in natural settings. 
D)  In an enclosure, compare the responses of moths to different models shaped like bats.

Question 5

A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. Which of the following is illustrated by this observation?

Accepted Answer

A)  sign stimulus 
B)  cognition 
C)  imprinting 
D)  classical conditioning 
A)  sign stimulus 
B)  cognition 
C)  imprinting 
D)  classical conditioning

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why coastal and inland garter snakes react differently to banana slug prey?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ancestors of coastal snakes that could detect and eat the abundant banana slugs had increased fitness. No such selection occurred inland, where banana slugs were absent. 
B)  Banana slugs are camouflaged, and inland snakes, which have poorer vision than coastal snakes, are less able to see them. 
C)  Garter snakes learn about acceptable prey from other garter snakes. Inland garter snakes are less social and so learn about fewer types of prey. 
D)  Coastal banana slugs are palatable to garter snakes. Inland banana slugs are distasteful, so inland snakes learn to avoid them. 
A)  Ancestors of coastal snakes that could detect and eat the abundant banana slugs had increased fitness. No such selection occurred inland, where banana slugs were absent. 
B)  Banana slugs are camouflaged, and inland snakes, which have poorer vision than coastal snakes, are less able to see them. 
C)  Garter snakes learn about acceptable prey from other garter snakes. Inland garter snakes are less social and so learn about fewer types of prey. 
D)  Coastal banana slugs are palatable to garter snakes. Inland banana slugs are distasteful, so inland snakes learn to avoid them.

Question 7

You have captured a number of rats from a wild population and quickly surmise with tests that they are very good at avoiding food with poisons. Which of the following best explains this observation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rats are probably just intelligent enough to avoid poison. 
B)  Rats may experience a large variety of toxins in their environment and learn to avoid them. 
C)  Rats are taught by their parents to test small bits of food first and then return later if the food seems safe. 
D)  Rats may be able to tolerate large amounts of poison. 
A)  Rats are probably just intelligent enough to avoid poison. 
B)  Rats may experience a large variety of toxins in their environment and learn to avoid them. 
C)  Rats are taught by their parents to test small bits of food first and then return later if the food seems safe. 
D)  Rats may be able to tolerate large amounts of poison.

Question 8

Which one of the following statements about mating systems and parental care is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Monogamy is more common in species of birds that produce young that can care for themselves almost immediately after hatching. 
B)  Polygyny is more common in animal species that require two parents to feed and protect offspring. 
C)  High certainty of paternity is correlated with low male parental care in most species of birds and mammals. 
D)  Fish and amphibians are more likely to provide parental care with external fertilization than internal fertilization. 
A)  Monogamy is more common in species of birds that produce young that can care for themselves almost immediately after hatching. 
B)  Polygyny is more common in animal species that require two parents to feed and protect offspring. 
C)  High certainty of paternity is correlated with low male parental care in most species of birds and mammals. 
D)  Fish and amphibians are more likely to provide parental care with external fertilization than internal fertilization.

Question 9

Which of the following led to the evolution of sexual dimorphism?

Accepted Answer

A)  a monogamous mating system 
B)  mate-choice copying 
C)  game selection theory 
D)  sexual selection 
A)  a monogamous mating system 
B)  mate-choice copying 
C)  game selection theory 
D)  sexual selection

Question 10

What correlates with the color of the throats of males in a population of side-blotched lizards?

Accepted Answer

A)  ambient temperature: blue = cold; orange = normal; yellow = hot 
B)  stage of development/maturity 
C)  receptiveness to mate 
D)  the success of the mating behavior of each of the throat-color phenotypes 
A)  ambient temperature: blue = cold; orange = normal; yellow = hot 
B)  stage of development/maturity 
C)  receptiveness to mate 
D)  the success of the mating behavior of each of the throat-color phenotypes

Question 11

According to Hamilton's rule, ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist 
B)  Natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the recipient, corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist 
C)  Natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits a sibling 
D)  The effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals 
A)  Natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist 
B)  Natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the recipient, corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist 
C)  Natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits a sibling 
D)  The effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals

Question 12

An owner of a new restaurant wants to locate near a college campus. Her new Veggie Burger restaurant can locate within 1 mile of campus or more cheaply 2 miles from the campus. But at 2 miles from campus, the restaurant may draw fewer customers. Which of the following behaviors relates best to aspects of the restaurant owner's decision, weighing the cost of the location, the distance from customers, and the profitability of the business?

Accepted Answer

A)  game theory 
B)  agonistic behavior 
C)  optimal foraging model 
D)  factors affecting mate selection 
A)  game theory 
B)  agonistic behavior 
C)  optimal foraging model 
D)  factors affecting mate selection

Question 13

What is generally correct about animals that help other animals of the same species?

Accepted Answer

A)  they have excess energy reserves 
B)  they are bigger and stronger than the other animals 
C)  they are usually closely related to the other animals 
D)  they are almost always female 
A)  they have excess energy reserves 
B)  they are bigger and stronger than the other animals 
C)  they are usually closely related to the other animals 
D)  they are almost always female

Question 14

Upon returning to its hive, how does a European honeybee communicate to other worker bees the presence of nearby food sources?

Accepted Answer

A)  they vibrate their wings at varying frequencies 
B)  they perform a special dance 
C)  they produce high-frequency tones 
D)  they flash their wings sending visual cues 
A)  they vibrate their wings at varying frequencies 
B)  they perform a special dance 
C)  they produce high-frequency tones 
D)  they flash their wings sending visual cues

Question 15

Many behaviors result from interactions with the environment. Which of the following ultimately modifies all behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)  hormones 
B)  evolution 
C)  pheromones 
D)  the nervous system 
A)  hormones 
B)  evolution 
C)  pheromones 
D)  the nervous system

Question 16

Upon observing a golden eagle flying overhead, a sentry prairie dog gives a warning call to other foraging members of the prairie dog community. Which of the following behaviors are represented by this example?

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  innate behavior 
C)  imprinting 
D)  altruistic behavior 
A)  classical conditioning 
B)  innate behavior 
C)  imprinting 
D)  altruistic behavior

Question 17

How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection?

Accepted Answer

A)  Altruistic behavior increases the likelihood that the altruist's genes will be represented in the next generation. 
B)  The altruist is appreciated by other members of the population because its survivability has been enhanced by virtue of its risky behavior. 
C)  Animals that perform altruistic acts are allowed by their population to breed more, thereby passing on their behavior genes to future generations. 
D)  Altruistic behaviors lower stress in populations, which increases the survivability of all the members of the population. 
A)  Altruistic behavior increases the likelihood that the altruist's genes will be represented in the next generation. 
B)  The altruist is appreciated by other members of the population because its survivability has been enhanced by virtue of its risky behavior. 
C)  Animals that perform altruistic acts are allowed by their population to breed more, thereby passing on their behavior genes to future generations. 
D)  Altruistic behaviors lower stress in populations, which increases the survivability of all the members of the population.

Question 18

Which of the following is a behavior that minimizes the cost of looking for food and maximizes the benefits of finding food?

Accepted Answer

A)  directed foraging 
B)  cost-benefit consumption 
C)  offset scavenging 
D)  optimal foraging 
A)  directed foraging 
B)  cost-benefit consumption 
C)  offset scavenging 
D)  optimal foraging

Question 19

Female spotted sandpipers aggressively court males and, after mating, leave the clutch of eggs for the male to incubate. This sequence may be repeated several times with different males until no available males remain, forcing the female to incubate her last clutch. Which of the following terms best describes this behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  polygyny 
B)  polyandry 
C)  promiscuity 
D)  certainty of paternity 
A)  polygyny 
B)  polyandry 
C)  promiscuity 
D)  certainty of paternity

Question 20

Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)  Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes. 
B)  They occur with or without environmental stimuli. 
C)  They are expressed in most individuals in a population. 
D)  They occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals. 
A)  Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes. 
B)  They occur with or without environmental stimuli. 
C)  They are expressed in most individuals in a population. 
D)  They occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals.

Exam 52: Behavioral Ecology

Use the following figures to answer the question. From the figures, what can we determine about the location of the food sources?

Use the following figures to answer the question. What could you conclude if the honeybee in the figure switched from the "waggle dance" to the "round dance"?

A male stickleback fish will attack other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory. It will only attack male fish, which display the red belly characteristic of the species. Which of the following is an ultimate causation of this behavior?

Which of the following would best test the hypothesis that moths stop flying in response to high-intensity bat sounds?

A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. Which of the following is illustrated by this observation?

Which of the following best explains why coastal and inland garter snakes react differently to banana slug prey?

You have captured a number of rats from a wild population and quickly surmise with tests that they are very good at avoiding food with poisons. Which of the following best explains this observation?

Which one of the following statements about mating systems and parental care is true?

Which of the following led to the evolution of sexual dimorphism?

What correlates with the color of the throats of males in a population of side-blotched lizards?

According to Hamilton's rule, ________.

What is generally correct about animals that help other animals of the same species?

Upon returning to its hive, how does a European honeybee communicate to other worker bees the presence of nearby food sources?

Many behaviors result from interactions with the environment. Which of the following ultimately modifies all behaviors?

Upon observing a golden eagle flying overhead, a sentry prairie dog gives a warning call to other foraging members of the prairie dog community. Which of the following behaviors are represented by this example?

How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection?

Which of the following is a behavior that minimizes the cost of looking for food and maximizes the benefits of finding food?

Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?

Biology and Its Themes

Atoms and Molecules

The Chemistry of Water

Carbon: the Basis of Molecular Diversity

Biological Macromolecules and Lipids

Energy and Life

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Membranes

Cellular Signaling

Cell Respiration

Photosynthetic Processes

Mitosis

Sexual Life Cycles and Meiosis

Mendelian Genetics

Linkage and Chromosomes

Nucleic Acids and Inheritance

Expression of Genes

Control of Gene Expression

Dna Technology

The Evolution of Genomes

How Evolution Works

Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Microevolution

Species and Speciation

Macroevolution

Introduction to Viruses

Prokaryotes

The Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotes

Nonvascular and Seedless Vascular Plants

Seed Plants

Introduction to Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure and Growth

Transport in Vascular Plants

Plant Nutrition

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Plant Signals and Behavior

The Animal Body

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Digestive Systems

Animal Transport Systems

Animal Excretory Systems

Animal Reproductive Systems

Development in Animals

Animal Defenses Against Infection

Electrical Signals in Animals

Neural Regulation in Animals

Sensation and Movement in Animals

An Overview of Ecology

Populations and Life History Traits

Biodiversity and Communities

Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems

Conservation and Global Ecology

Filters