Question 1

Which statement best describes the concept of clonal selection?

Accepted Answer

A)  V, J, and C gene segments are rearranged 
B)  an antigen can provoke production of high amounts of specific antibodies 
C)  HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) can disrupt the immune system 
D)  macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells 
A)  V, J, and C gene segments are rearranged 
B)  an antigen can provoke production of high amounts of specific antibodies 
C)  HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) can disrupt the immune system 
D)  macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells B

Question 2

Breast feeding confers which type of immunity to an infant?

Accepted Answer

A)  innate immunity 
B)  active immunity 
C)  passive immunity 
D)  cell-mediated immunity 
A)  innate immunity 
B)  active immunity 
C)  passive immunity 
D)  cell-mediated immunity C

Question 3

Which answer describes an advantage of having a system of adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

A)  It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered. 
B)  It enables an animal to counter most pathogens almost instantly the first time they are encountered. 
C)  It results in effector cells with specificity for a large number of antigens. 
D)  It allows for the production of only a single type of antibody. 
A)  It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered. 
B)  It enables an animal to counter most pathogens almost instantly the first time they are encountered. 
C)  It results in effector cells with specificity for a large number of antigens. 
D)  It allows for the production of only a single type of antibody. A

Question 4

Which statement correctly describes the complement system?

Accepted Answer

A)  a set of proteins involved in innate but not acquired immunity 
B)  a group of proteins that includes interferons and interleukins 
C)  a group of proteins that act together in a cascade fashion 
D)  a set of proteins that act individually to attack and lyse microbes 
A)  a set of proteins involved in innate but not acquired immunity 
B)  a group of proteins that includes interferons and interleukins 
C)  a group of proteins that act together in a cascade fashion 
D)  a set of proteins that act individually to attack and lyse microbes

Question 5

Which of the following gives the best example for the ability of some viruses to remain inactive (latent) for a period of time?

Accepted Answer

A)  influenza, a particular strain of which returns every 10-20 years 
B)  herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital) whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host 
C)  Kaposi's sarcoma, which causes a skin cancer in people with AIDS but rarely in those not infected by HIV 
D)  the virus that causes a form of the common cold, which recurs in patients many times in their lives 
A)  influenza, a particular strain of which returns every 10-20 years 
B)  herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital) whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host 
C)  Kaposi's sarcoma, which causes a skin cancer in people with AIDS but rarely in those not infected by HIV 
D)  the virus that causes a form of the common cold, which recurs in patients many times in their lives

Question 6

Which response is triggered when bacteria enter the body through a small cut in the skin?

Accepted Answer

A)  inactivation of erythrocytes 
B)  apoptosis of nearby body cells 
C)  release of interferons 
D)  activation of a group of proteins called complement 
A)  inactivation of erythrocytes 
B)  apoptosis of nearby body cells 
C)  release of interferons 
D)  activation of a group of proteins called complement

Question 7

Which of the following should be the same in identical twins?

Accepted Answer

A)  the set of antibodies produced 
B)  the set of MHC molecules produced 
C)  the set of T cell antigen receptors produced 
D)  the set of immune cells eliminated as self-reactive 
A)  the set of antibodies produced 
B)  the set of MHC molecules produced 
C)  the set of T cell antigen receptors produced 
D)  the set of immune cells eliminated as self-reactive

Question 8

You and your friend were equally exposed to a virus, but over the next few days, only your friend acquired flu-like symptoms and was ill for almost a week before recovering. Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Your inflammatory response worked more quickly than your friend's response. 
B)  You had an immunological memory of that virus. 
C)  Your friend had an autoimmune disorder. 
D)  Your friend had allergies. 
A)  Your inflammatory response worked more quickly than your friend's response. 
B)  You had an immunological memory of that virus. 
C)  Your friend had an autoimmune disorder. 
D)  Your friend had allergies.

Question 9

Which of the following are molecules on mammalian cells that recognize macromolecules that are present in or on certain groups of pathogens?

Accepted Answer

A)  cytokines 
B)  toll-like receptors 
C)  interferons 
D)  complement proteins 
A)  cytokines 
B)  toll-like receptors 
C)  interferons 
D)  complement proteins

Question 10

Use the following information to answer the following question.
An otherwise healthy student in your class was infected with Epstein Barr virus (EBV) (the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis) when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. When she is exposed to EBV again later in life, she does not get sick or develop any symptoms of mononucleosis.
Which of the following statements explains why your classmate does not exhibit symptoms of EBV infection?

Accepted Answer

A)  She was infected with a weaker strain of EBV during her second exposure. 
B)  Complement proteins effectively controlled the EBV during the second infection. 
C)  Memory T cells recognized the virus upon the second exposure and activated cells that destroyed the virally infected cells. 
D)  Her innate immune response was better at recognizing the EBV antigen during the second infection. 
A)  She was infected with a weaker strain of EBV during her second exposure. 
B)  Complement proteins effectively controlled the EBV during the second infection. 
C)  Memory T cells recognized the virus upon the second exposure and activated cells that destroyed the virally infected cells. 
D)  Her innate immune response was better at recognizing the EBV antigen during the second infection.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is not true?

Accepted Answer

A)  An antibody has more than one antigen-binding site. 
B)  A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens. 
C)  An antigen can have different epitopes. 
D)  A liver or muscle cell makes one class of MHC molecule. 
A)  An antibody has more than one antigen-binding site. 
B)  A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens. 
C)  An antigen can have different epitopes. 
D)  A liver or muscle cell makes one class of MHC molecule.

Question 12

Lymphocytes mature in the ________.
I. spleen
II. thymus
III. bone marrow

Accepted Answer

A)  only I and III 
B)  only I and II 
C)  only II and III 
D)  I, II, and III 
A)  only I and III 
B)  only I and II 
C)  only II and III 
D)  I, II, and III

Question 13

Which treatment could relieve the symptoms of an individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin?

Accepted Answer

A)  vaccination with a weakened form of the toxin 
B)  injection of antibodies to the toxin 
C)  injection of interleukin-1 
D)  injection of interferon 
A)  vaccination with a weakened form of the toxin 
B)  injection of antibodies to the toxin 
C)  injection of interleukin-1 
D)  injection of interferon

Question 14

Which of the following would help a virus avoid triggering an effective adaptive immune response?
I. having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins
II. building the viral shell from host proteins
III. producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses
IV. infecting and killing helper T cells

Accepted Answer

A)  only I and III 
B)  only I, II, and IV 
C)  only I, II, and III 
D)  only II, III, and IV 
A)  only I and III 
B)  only I, II, and IV 
C)  only I, II, and III 
D)  only II, III, and IV

Question 15

Vertebrate immune cells, which are phagocytic, include which of the following?
I. neutrophils
II. macrophages
III. dendritic cells
IV. natural killer cells

Accepted Answer

A)  I and III only 
B)  II and IV only 
C)  I and IV only 
D)  I, II, and III 
A)  I and III only 
B)  II and IV only 
C)  I and IV only 
D)  I, II, and III

Question 16

Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  a condition in which B and T cells trigger anaphylactic shock in response to an antigen 
B)  a condition in which the adaptive immune system fails to recognize the second infection by the same antigen 
C)  a condition in which self molecules are treated as nonself (loss of self-tolerance) 
D)  a condition in which the immune system creates random antibodies without being triggered by a specific antigen 
A)  a condition in which B and T cells trigger anaphylactic shock in response to an antigen 
B)  a condition in which the adaptive immune system fails to recognize the second infection by the same antigen 
C)  a condition in which self molecules are treated as nonself (loss of self-tolerance) 
D)  a condition in which the immune system creates random antibodies without being triggered by a specific antigen

Question 17

The number of major histocompatibility (MHC) protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in the population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways 
B)  MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II 
C)  each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene 
D)  once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories 
A)  the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways 
B)  MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II 
C)  each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene 
D)  once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories

Question 18

Which statement best describes what causes the clumping of antigens when antibodies bind antigens?

Accepted Answer

A)  the antibody has two identical binding sites 
B)  disulfide bridges form between the antigens 
C)  bonds form between class I and class II MHC molecules 
D)  the antibodies denature 
A)  the antibody has two identical binding sites 
B)  disulfide bridges form between the antigens 
C)  bonds form between class I and class II MHC molecules 
D)  the antibodies denature

Question 19

Which statement correctly describes both CD4 and CD8 proteins?

Accepted Answer

A)  secreted by antigen-presenting cells 
B)  receptors present on the surface of natural killer cells 
C)  molecules present on the surface of T cells that interact with major histocompatibility (MH
C)  molecules 
D)  molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells where they enhance B cell activity 
A)  secreted by antigen-presenting cells 
B)  receptors present on the surface of natural killer cells 
C)  molecules present on the surface of T cells that interact with major histocompatibility (MH
C)  molecules 
D)  molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells where they enhance B cell activity

Question 20

B cells are stimulated to differentiate under which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

A)  B cells produce IgE antibodies 
B)  B cells release cytokines 
C)  cytotoxic T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface 
D)  helper T cells release cytokines 
A)  B cells produce IgE antibodies 
B)  B cells release cytokines 
C)  cytotoxic T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface 
D)  helper T cells release cytokines

Exam 47: Animal Defenses Against Infection

Which statement best describes the concept of clonal selection?

Breast feeding confers which type of immunity to an infant?

Which answer describes an advantage of having a system of adaptive immunity?

Which statement correctly describes the complement system?

Which of the following gives the best example for the ability of some viruses to remain inactive (latent) for a period of time?

Which response is triggered when bacteria enter the body through a small cut in the skin?

Which of the following should be the same in identical twins?

You and your friend were equally exposed to a virus, but over the next few days, only your friend acquired flu-like symptoms and was ill for almost a week before recovering. Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this?

Which of the following are molecules on mammalian cells that recognize macromolecules that are present in or on certain groups of pathogens?

Which of the following statements is not true?

Lymphocytes mature in the ________. I. spleen II. thymus III. bone marrow

Which treatment could relieve the symptoms of an individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin?

Vertebrate immune cells, which are phagocytic, include which of the following? I. neutrophils II. macrophages III. dendritic cells IV. natural killer cells

Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease?

The number of major histocompatibility (MHC) protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in the population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because ________.

Which statement best describes what causes the clumping of antigens when antibodies bind antigens?

Which statement correctly describes both CD4 and CD8 proteins?

B cells are stimulated to differentiate under which of the following conditions?

Biology and Its Themes

Atoms and Molecules

The Chemistry of Water

Carbon: the Basis of Molecular Diversity

Biological Macromolecules and Lipids

Energy and Life

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Membranes

Cellular Signaling

Cell Respiration

Photosynthetic Processes

Mitosis

Sexual Life Cycles and Meiosis

Mendelian Genetics

Linkage and Chromosomes

Nucleic Acids and Inheritance

Expression of Genes

Control of Gene Expression

Dna Technology

The Evolution of Genomes

How Evolution Works

Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Microevolution

Species and Speciation

Macroevolution

Introduction to Viruses

Prokaryotes

The Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotes

Nonvascular and Seedless Vascular Plants

Seed Plants

Introduction to Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure and Growth

Transport in Vascular Plants

Plant Nutrition

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Plant Signals and Behavior

The Animal Body

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Digestive Systems

Animal Transport Systems

Animal Excretory Systems

Animal Reproductive Systems

Development in Animals

Electrical Signals in Animals

Neural Regulation in Animals

Sensation and Movement in Animals

An Overview of Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Populations and Life History Traits

Biodiversity and Communities

Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems

Conservation and Global Ecology

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