Question 1

Use the following figure to answer the question.   Which labeled structure identifies where passive water reabsorption takes place in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

A)  only in structure W 
B)  only in structures W and Y 
C)  in structures W, X, and Y 
D)  in structures V and Z 
A)  only in structure W 
B)  only in structures W and Y 
C)  in structures W, X, and Y 
D)  in structures V and Z C

Question 2

Which process does not display solute specificity?

Accepted Answer

A)  H+ pumping to control pH 
B)  reabsorption along the proximal tubule 
C)  filtration from the glomerular capillaries 
D)  secretion along the distal tubule 
A)  H+ pumping to control pH 
B)  reabsorption along the proximal tubule 
C)  filtration from the glomerular capillaries 
D)  secretion along the distal tubule C

Question 3

Which of the following describes how antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) work together to maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and the RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating both Na+ and water reabsorption. 
B)  ADH and the RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration, and the RAAS causes increased excretion of water when it is in excess in body fluids. 
C)  Both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone, which increases both blood volume and pressure via its receptors in the urinary bladder. 
D)  ADH and the RAAS combine at the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, where reabsorption of essential nutrients takes place. 
A)  ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and the RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating both Na+ and water reabsorption. 
B)  ADH and the RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration, and the RAAS causes increased excretion of water when it is in excess in body fluids. 
C)  Both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone, which increases both blood volume and pressure via its receptors in the urinary bladder. 
D)  ADH and the RAAS combine at the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, where reabsorption of essential nutrients takes place. A

Question 4

Which process in the nephron is least selective?

Accepted Answer

A)  filtration 
B)  reabsorption 
C)  active transport 
D)  secretion 
A)  filtration 
B)  reabsorption 
C)  active transport 
D)  secretion

Question 5

Which statement describes an advantage to birds that secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste?

Accepted Answer

A)  Uric acid is readily soluble in water. 
B)  Uric acid is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products. 
C)  Uric acid requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal. 
D)  Uric acid can be reused by birds as a protein source. 
A)  Uric acid is readily soluble in water. 
B)  Uric acid is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products. 
C)  Uric acid requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal. 
D)  Uric acid can be reused by birds as a protein source.

Question 6

In which of the following species should natural selection favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons?

Accepted Answer

A)  a river otter 
B)  a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest 
C)  a mouse species living in a desert 
D)  a beaver 
A)  a river otter 
B)  a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest 
C)  a mouse species living in a desert 
D)  a beaver

Question 7

African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is an advantage of this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia. 
B)  Small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute ammonia, which is toxic. 
C)  Urea forms an insoluble precipitate. 
D)  Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool. 
A)  Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia. 
B)  Small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute ammonia, which is toxic. 
C)  Urea forms an insoluble precipitate. 
D)  Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool.

Question 8

Which of the following is characteristic of juxtamedullary nephrons?

Accepted Answer

A)  large Bowman's capsule 
B)  absence of proximal tubule 
C)  limited branching of vasa recta 
D)  long loop of Henle 
A)  large Bowman's capsule 
B)  absence of proximal tubule 
C)  limited branching of vasa recta 
D)  long loop of Henle

Question 9

An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  flame-bulb system of flatworms 
B)  protonephridia of rotifers 
C)  Malpighian tubules of insects 
D)  kidneys of vertebrates 
A)  flame-bulb system of flatworms 
B)  protonephridia of rotifers 
C)  Malpighian tubules of insects 
D)  kidneys of vertebrates

Question 10

Which of the following stimuli is most likely to increase secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Accepted Answer

A)  drinking a large volume of pure water 
B)  sweating-induced dehydration 
C)  eating a small sugary snack 
D)  abnormally high blood pressure 
A)  drinking a large volume of pure water 
B)  sweating-induced dehydration 
C)  eating a small sugary snack 
D)  abnormally high blood pressure

Question 11

If you are hiking through the desert for several days, drinking which of the following would best ensure proper hydration?

Accepted Answer

A)  a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes 
B)  a caffeinated beverage 
C)  bottled water kept at room temperature 
D)  bottled water that had been frozen to ensure that it would be as cold as possible 
A)  a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes 
B)  a caffeinated beverage 
C)  bottled water kept at room temperature 
D)  bottled water that had been frozen to ensure that it would be as cold as possible

Question 12

Which of the following processes must freshwater fish undertake to maintain homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

A)  excrete large quantities of electrolytes 
B)  consume large quantities of water 
C)  excrete large quantities of water 
D)  take in electrolytes through simple diffusion 
A)  excrete large quantities of electrolytes 
B)  consume large quantities of water 
C)  excrete large quantities of water 
D)  take in electrolytes through simple diffusion

Question 13

In animals, the catabolism of which molecules contributes most to the production of nitrogenous wastes?

Accepted Answer

A)  starch and cellulose 
B)  triglycerides and steroids 
C)  proteins and nucleic acids 
D)  phospholipids and glycolipids 
A)  starch and cellulose 
B)  triglycerides and steroids 
C)  proteins and nucleic acids 
D)  phospholipids and glycolipids

Question 14

Urolithiasis is a medical condition in which minerals stick together in concentrated urine, forming kidney stones. Suppose that a patient is diagnosed with urolithiasis and through ultrasound it is found that a kidney stone is blocking urine flow in the ureter. The flow of urine to which structure will be most directly affected by the blockage?

Accepted Answer

A)  kidney 
B)  bladder 
C)  urethra 
D)  nephron 
A)  kidney 
B)  bladder 
C)  urethra 
D)  nephron

Question 15

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

Accepted Answer

A)  filtration 
B)  reabsorption 
C)  secretion 
D)  excretion 
A)  filtration 
B)  reabsorption 
C)  secretion 
D)  excretion

Question 16

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment.

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperosmotic; freshwater 
B)  hyperosmotic; seawater 
C)  isoosmotic; seawater 
D)  hypoosmotic; seawater 
A)  hyperosmotic; freshwater 
B)  hyperosmotic; seawater 
C)  isoosmotic; seawater 
D)  hypoosmotic; seawater

Question 17

Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production?

Accepted Answer

A)  vampire bat 
B)  salmon in fresh water 
C)  marine bony fish 
D)  freshwater flatworm 
A)  vampire bat 
B)  salmon in fresh water 
C)  marine bony fish 
D)  freshwater flatworm

Question 18

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  active transport of salt from the upper region of the descending limb. 
B)  the loose packing of juxtamedullary nephrons. 
C)  diffusion of urea into the collecting duct. 
D)  diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle. 
A)  active transport of salt from the upper region of the descending limb. 
B)  the loose packing of juxtamedullary nephrons. 
C)  diffusion of urea into the collecting duct. 
D)  diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

Question 19

Which option correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal?

Accepted Answer

A)  protonephridium-earthworm 
B)  Malpighian tubule-frog 
C)  flame bulb-flat worm 
D)  exchange across the body surface-snake 
A)  protonephridium-earthworm 
B)  Malpighian tubule-frog 
C)  flame bulb-flat worm 
D)  exchange across the body surface-snake

Question 20

Which of the following occurs in processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules?

Accepted Answer

A)  conversion of toxic ammonia to less toxic urea 
B)  maintenance of homeostasis of pH in body fluids 
C)  regulation of the speed of blood flow through the nephrons 
D)  reabsorption of urea to maintain osmotic balance 
A)  conversion of toxic ammonia to less toxic urea 
B)  maintenance of homeostasis of pH in body fluids 
C)  regulation of the speed of blood flow through the nephrons 
D)  reabsorption of urea to maintain osmotic balance

Exam 44: Animal Excretory Systems

Use the following figure to answer the question. Which labeled structure identifies where passive water reabsorption takes place in the kidney?

Which process does not display solute specificity?

Which of the following describes how antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) work together to maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis?

Which process in the nephron is least selective?

Which statement describes an advantage to birds that secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste?

In which of the following species should natural selection favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons?

African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is an advantage of this adaptation?

Which of the following is characteristic of juxtamedullary nephrons?

An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the ________.

Which of the following stimuli is most likely to increase secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

If you are hiking through the desert for several days, drinking which of the following would best ensure proper hydration?

Which of the following processes must freshwater fish undertake to maintain homeostasis?

In animals, the catabolism of which molecules contributes most to the production of nitrogenous wastes?

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment.

Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production?

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by which of the following?

Which option correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal?

Which of the following occurs in processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules?

Biology and Its Themes

Atoms and Molecules

The Chemistry of Water

Carbon: the Basis of Molecular Diversity

Biological Macromolecules and Lipids

Energy and Life

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Membranes

Cellular Signaling

Cell Respiration

Photosynthetic Processes

Mitosis

Sexual Life Cycles and Meiosis

Mendelian Genetics

Linkage and Chromosomes

Nucleic Acids and Inheritance

Expression of Genes

Control of Gene Expression

Dna Technology

The Evolution of Genomes

How Evolution Works

Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Microevolution

Species and Speciation

Macroevolution

Introduction to Viruses

Prokaryotes

The Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotes

Nonvascular and Seedless Vascular Plants

Seed Plants

Introduction to Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure and Growth

Transport in Vascular Plants

Plant Nutrition

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Plant Signals and Behavior

The Animal Body

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Digestive Systems

Animal Transport Systems

Animal Reproductive Systems

Development in Animals

Animal Defenses Against Infection

Electrical Signals in Animals

Neural Regulation in Animals

Sensation and Movement in Animals

An Overview of Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Populations and Life History Traits

Biodiversity and Communities

Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems

Conservation and Global Ecology

Filters

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be with its environment.