Question 1

Which of the following defines a motor unit?

Accepted Answer

A)  one actin binding site and its myosin partner 
B)  one sarcomere and all of its actin and myosin filaments 
C)  one myofibril and all of its sarcomeres 
D)  one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls 
A)  one actin binding site and its myosin partner 
B)  one sarcomere and all of its actin and myosin filaments 
C)  one myofibril and all of its sarcomeres 
D)  one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls D

Question 2

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  break cross-bridges as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP 
B)  bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed 
C)  transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber 
D)  spread action potentials through the T tubules 
A)  break cross-bridges as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP 
B)  bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed 
C)  transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber 
D)  spread action potentials through the T tubules B

Question 3

The transduction of sound waves into action potentials occurs ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  in the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by hair cells 
B)  when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter that stimulates sensory neurons 
C)  as the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds 
D)  within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus, incus, and stapes 
A)  in the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by hair cells 
B)  when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter that stimulates sensory neurons 
C)  as the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds 
D)  within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus, incus, and stapes B

Question 4

What is the relationship between the receptors and neuronal pathways for taste and smell?

Accepted Answer

A)  Taste and smell share the same receptors but use different neuronal pathways. 
B)  Taste and smell use different receptors but share the same neuronal pathways. 
C)  Taste and smell each rely upon only 5 taste/smell sensations, but use different neuronal pathways. 
D)  The receptors and neuronal pathways for taste and smell are independent. 
A)  Taste and smell share the same receptors but use different neuronal pathways. 
B)  Taste and smell use different receptors but share the same neuronal pathways. 
C)  Taste and smell each rely upon only 5 taste/smell sensations, but use different neuronal pathways. 
D)  The receptors and neuronal pathways for taste and smell are independent.

Question 5

The fovea in the human retina has a high concentration of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  ganglion cells 
B)  bipolar cells 
C)  rods 
D)  cones 
A)  ganglion cells 
B)  bipolar cells 
C)  rods 
D)  cones

Question 6

Elephants hear sounds that are too low pitched for humans to hear. Which of the following best explains the differences in sensitivity?

Accepted Answer

A)  arrangement and shape of the ossicles 
B)  flexibility of the basilar membrane in the cochlea 
C)  size and flexibility of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) 
D)  size and shape of the outer ear 
A)  arrangement and shape of the ossicles 
B)  flexibility of the basilar membrane in the cochlea 
C)  size and flexibility of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) 
D)  size and shape of the outer ear

Question 7

Which sensory distinction is not encoded by a difference in neuron identity?

Accepted Answer

A)  white and red 
B)  red and green 
C)  loud and faint 
D)  salty and sweet 
A)  white and red 
B)  red and green 
C)  loud and faint 
D)  salty and sweet

Question 8

What do we call the conversion of a stimulus into an action potential by a receptor cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  integration 
B)  transmission 
C)  transduction 
D)  amplification 
A)  integration 
B)  transmission 
C)  transduction 
D)  amplification

Question 9

Which of the following are present in high densities in both smooth and skeletal muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  troponin complexes 
B)  thin filaments 
C)  T tubules 
D)  intercalated disks 
A)  troponin complexes 
B)  thin filaments 
C)  T tubules 
D)  intercalated disks

Question 10

Axons of olfactory cells that express the same olfactory receptor transmit action potentials to the same small region of the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  gustatory complex 
B)  olfactory bulb 
C)  occipital lobe 
D)  posterior pituitary gland 
A)  gustatory complex 
B)  olfactory bulb 
C)  occipital lobe 
D)  posterior pituitary gland

Question 11

What conversion of sensory input occurs in the mammalian middle ear?

Accepted Answer

A)  air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves 
B)  fluid pressure waves to air pressure waves 
C)  air pressure waves to nerve impulses 
D)  fluid pressure waves to nerve impulses 
A)  air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves 
B)  fluid pressure waves to air pressure waves 
C)  air pressure waves to nerve impulses 
D)  fluid pressure waves to nerve impulses

Question 12

During an auditory transduction, across what membrane does ion flow vary?

Accepted Answer

A)  tectorial 
B)  round-window 
C)  hair cell 
D)  basilar 
A)  tectorial 
B)  round-window 
C)  hair cell 
D)  basilar

Question 13

Which flavor has more than 30 different receptor proteins?

Accepted Answer

A)  bitter 
B)  sweet 
C)  umami 
D)  salt 
A)  bitter 
B)  sweet 
C)  umami 
D)  salt

Question 14

The venom of some cobras contains a mixture of substances that have a variety of physiological effects. One substance in the venom works by preventing acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors. Which of the following describes the effect of the venom on the prey of the cobra?

Accepted Answer

A)  Action potentials are continuously generated, causing tetanus. 
B)  Muscle contractions are prevented, causing paralysis. 
C)  Muscle contractions occur, but refractory periods would be longer. 
D)  Weak muscle contractions occur, but are limited by ATP production by glycolysis. 
A)  Action potentials are continuously generated, causing tetanus. 
B)  Muscle contractions are prevented, causing paralysis. 
C)  Muscle contractions occur, but refractory periods would be longer. 
D)  Weak muscle contractions occur, but are limited by ATP production by glycolysis.

Question 15

Which structure is responsible for perception in a shark, salamander, or turtle?

Accepted Answer

A)  at the synapse of neurons involved in sensory reception 
B)  at the junction between sensory cells and afferent neurons 
C)  within ganglia the receive multiple afferent neuronal input 
D)  in the brain 
A)  at the synapse of neurons involved in sensory reception 
B)  at the junction between sensory cells and afferent neurons 
C)  within ganglia the receive multiple afferent neuronal input 
D)  in the brain

Question 16

A person able to hear only low-frequency sounds would probably have which of the following structural problems in the ear?

Accepted Answer

A)  The tympanum is damaged because of chronic ear infections. 
B)  The basilar membrane is stiffened along its entire length. 
C)  The ear ossicles are abnormally thickened. 
D)  There is a loss of hair cell function in all but the apex of the basilar membrane. 
A)  The tympanum is damaged because of chronic ear infections. 
B)  The basilar membrane is stiffened along its entire length. 
C)  The ear ossicles are abnormally thickened. 
D)  There is a loss of hair cell function in all but the apex of the basilar membrane.

Question 17

Which of the following organisms use osteoblasts and osteoclasts to reshape its skeleton?

Accepted Answer

A)  octopus 
B)  beaver 
C)  earthworm 
D)  caterpillar 
A)  octopus 
B)  beaver 
C)  earthworm 
D)  caterpillar

Question 18

A patient is hospitalized with muscle spasms caused by failure of back muscles to relax after contraction. Which of the following would most likely help the back muscles relax?

Accepted Answer

A)  Inject calcium into the back muscles. 
B)  Inject a drug that induces tropomyosin and troponin to bind to the myosin-binding sites on actin. 
C)  Inject a drug that increases the amount of acetylcholine at the synapses controlling the back muscles. 
D)  Inject a drug that depolarizes the motor neurons controlling the back muscles. 
A)  Inject calcium into the back muscles. 
B)  Inject a drug that induces tropomyosin and troponin to bind to the myosin-binding sites on actin. 
C)  Inject a drug that increases the amount of acetylcholine at the synapses controlling the back muscles. 
D)  Inject a drug that depolarizes the motor neurons controlling the back muscles.

Question 19

If we scaled up a grasshopper by 50 times in all dimensions, which of the following would be true of this giant grasshopper?

Accepted Answer

A)  it could leap the length of a football field in one jump 
B)  it could fly up more than 100 miles into the atmosphere 
C)  it could fly faster than any other organism 
D)  it could not stand up 
A)  it could leap the length of a football field in one jump 
B)  it could fly up more than 100 miles into the atmosphere 
C)  it could fly faster than any other organism 
D)  it could not stand up

Question 20

Which of the following are found in statocysts?

Accepted Answer

A)  mechanoreceptors used to detect orientation relative to gravity 
B)  chemoreceptors used in selecting migration routes 
C)  photoreceptors used in setting biological rhythms 
D)  thermoreceptors used in prey detection 
A)  mechanoreceptors used to detect orientation relative to gravity 
B)  chemoreceptors used in selecting migration routes 
C)  photoreceptors used in setting biological rhythms 
D)  thermoreceptors used in prey detection

Exam 50: Sensation and Movement in Animals

Which of the following defines a motor unit?

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions ________.

The transduction of sound waves into action potentials occurs ________.

What is the relationship between the receptors and neuronal pathways for taste and smell?

The fovea in the human retina has a high concentration of ________.

Elephants hear sounds that are too low pitched for humans to hear. Which of the following best explains the differences in sensitivity?

Which sensory distinction is not encoded by a difference in neuron identity?

What do we call the conversion of a stimulus into an action potential by a receptor cell?

Which of the following are present in high densities in both smooth and skeletal muscle cells?

Axons of olfactory cells that express the same olfactory receptor transmit action potentials to the same small region of the ________.

What conversion of sensory input occurs in the mammalian middle ear?

During an auditory transduction, across what membrane does ion flow vary?

Which flavor has more than 30 different receptor proteins?

The venom of some cobras contains a mixture of substances that have a variety of physiological effects. One substance in the venom works by preventing acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors. Which of the following describes the effect of the venom on the prey of the cobra?

Which structure is responsible for perception in a shark, salamander, or turtle?

A person able to hear only low-frequency sounds would probably have which of the following structural problems in the ear?

Which of the following organisms use osteoblasts and osteoclasts to reshape its skeleton?

A patient is hospitalized with muscle spasms caused by failure of back muscles to relax after contraction. Which of the following would most likely help the back muscles relax?

If we scaled up a grasshopper by 50 times in all dimensions, which of the following would be true of this giant grasshopper?

Which of the following are found in statocysts?

Biology and Its Themes

Atoms and Molecules

The Chemistry of Water

Carbon: the Basis of Molecular Diversity

Biological Macromolecules and Lipids

Energy and Life

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Membranes

Cellular Signaling

Cell Respiration

Photosynthetic Processes

Mitosis

Sexual Life Cycles and Meiosis

Mendelian Genetics

Linkage and Chromosomes

Nucleic Acids and Inheritance

Expression of Genes

Control of Gene Expression

Dna Technology

The Evolution of Genomes

How Evolution Works

Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Microevolution

Species and Speciation

Macroevolution

Introduction to Viruses

Prokaryotes

The Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotes

Nonvascular and Seedless Vascular Plants

Seed Plants

Introduction to Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure and Growth

Transport in Vascular Plants

Plant Nutrition

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Plant Signals and Behavior

The Animal Body

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Digestive Systems

Animal Transport Systems

Animal Excretory Systems

Animal Reproductive Systems

Development in Animals

Animal Defenses Against Infection

Electrical Signals in Animals

Neural Regulation in Animals

An Overview of Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Populations and Life History Traits

Biodiversity and Communities

Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems

Conservation and Global Ecology

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