Question 1

Benadryl is an antihistamine. Which of the following is most likely to occur if a person that was stung by a bee takes Benadryl?

Accepted Answer

A)  the site of injury will become less red and swollen 
B)  more antibodies will be produced 
C)  more histamine will be released 
D)  the thymus will become enlarged 
A)  the site of injury will become less red and swollen 
B)  more antibodies will be produced 
C)  more histamine will be released 
D)  the thymus will become enlarged

Question 2

Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. Which answer best describes the main immunological function of mucus?

Accepted Answer

A)  to sweep away debris 
B)  to physically trap pathogens 
C)  to destroy pathogens (because mucus is acidic) 
D)  to increase oxygen absorption 
A)  to sweep away debris 
B)  to physically trap pathogens 
C)  to destroy pathogens (because mucus is acidic) 
D)  to increase oxygen absorption

Question 3

Which of the following statements about epitopes is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

A)  B cell receptors bind to epitopes. 
B)  T cell receptors bind to epitopes. 
C)  There can be 10 or more different epitopes on each antigen. 
D)  There is a one-to-one correspondence between antigen and epitope. 
A)  B cell receptors bind to epitopes. 
B)  T cell receptors bind to epitopes. 
C)  There can be 10 or more different epitopes on each antigen. 
D)  There is a one-to-one correspondence between antigen and epitope.

Question 4

If a T cell antigen receptor was composed of only a single alpha chain, the receptor would ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  bind to a wider variety of antigens 
B)  not penetrate the cell membrane 
C)  resemble a B cell receptor 
D)  not be able to bind to antigens effectively 
A)  bind to a wider variety of antigens 
B)  not penetrate the cell membrane 
C)  resemble a B cell receptor 
D)  not be able to bind to antigens effectively

Question 5

Which of the following statements describe a component of the clonal selection theory of how the adaptive immune system functions?
I. Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen.
II. When the lymphocyte binds an antigen, it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself.
III. Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they do not bind an antigen.
IV. Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated.

Accepted Answer

A)  only I and III 
B)  only II and IV 
C)  I, II, and IV 
D)  II, III, and IV 
A)  only I and III 
B)  only II and IV 
C)  I, II, and IV 
D)  II, III, and IV

Question 6

Which of the following protects both the eyes and the respiratory tract against infections?

Accepted Answer

A)  interferons produced by immune cells 
B)  the secretion of complement proteins 
C)  the release of slightly alkaline secretions 
D)  the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces 
A)  interferons produced by immune cells 
B)  the secretion of complement proteins 
C)  the release of slightly alkaline secretions 
D)  the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces

Question 7

A certain cell type has existed in the blood and tissue of its vertebrate host's immune system for over 20 years. One day, it recognizes a newly arrived antigen and binds to it, subsequently initiating a secondary immune response in the body. Which of the following cell types most accurately describes this cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  plasma cell 
B)  thyroid cell 
C)  memory cell 
D)  macrophage 
A)  plasma cell 
B)  thyroid cell 
C)  memory cell 
D)  macrophage

Question 8

Which option best describes why Jenner's use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus was successful?

Accepted Answer

A)  the immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens 
B)  the cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox 
C)  there are some epitopes (antigenic determinants) common to both pox viruses 
D)  cowpox and smallpox are caused by the same virus 
A)  the immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens 
B)  the cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox 
C)  there are some epitopes (antigenic determinants) common to both pox viruses 
D)  cowpox and smallpox are caused by the same virus

Question 9

Which of the following would not help a virus avoid triggering an adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

A)  having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins 
B)  infecting cells that produce very few MHC molecules 
C)  producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses 
D)  infecting and killing helper T cells 
A)  having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins 
B)  infecting cells that produce very few MHC molecules 
C)  producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses 
D)  infecting and killing helper T cells

Question 10

Which of the following enhances phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages?
I. the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes
II. antibody-mediated opsonization of microbes
III. the release of cytokines by activated B cells

Accepted Answer

A)  only I and II 
B)  only II and III 
C)  only I and III 
D)  I, II, and, III 
A)  only I and II 
B)  only II and III 
C)  only I and III 
D)  I, II, and, III

Question 11

A phagocytic cell has a mutation in a gene for a hydrolytic enzyme that renders the enzyme nonfunctional. What is the most likely effect of the mutation when this phagocytic cell ingests a pathogen?

Accepted Answer

A)  the pseudopodia will not be able to surround the pathogen as well 
B)  a vacuole will not form 
C)  the lysosome will not degrade the pathogen effectively 
D)  pathogen debris will not exit the cell via exocytosis 
A)  the pseudopodia will not be able to surround the pathogen as well 
B)  a vacuole will not form 
C)  the lysosome will not degrade the pathogen effectively 
D)  pathogen debris will not exit the cell via exocytosis

Question 12

Which of the following are typical features of an inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

A)  increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area 
B)  reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma 
C)  release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area 
D)  inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow 
A)  increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area 
B)  reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma 
C)  release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area 
D)  inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow

Question 13

A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm, and swollen. Which type of response is most consistent with these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

A)  inflammatory response 
B)  lytic response 
C)  adaptive immune response 
D)  autoimmune response 
A)  inflammatory response 
B)  lytic response 
C)  adaptive immune response 
D)  autoimmune response

Question 14

Which statement is true about innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Innate immunity is the first, and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens. 
B)  The extent of an innate immunity response depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to a pathogen 
C)  Innate immunity is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to a pathogen 
D)  Only vertebrates use innate immunity 
A)  Innate immunity is the first, and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens. 
B)  The extent of an innate immunity response depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to a pathogen 
C)  Innate immunity is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to a pathogen 
D)  Only vertebrates use innate immunity

Question 15

Which option best describes how a viral antigen, like EBV, is recognized by T cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  An antigen fragment is presented within class I MHC to the T cell receptor. 
B)  Interferon proteins stick to the surface of infected cells. 
C)  T cells recognize antibodies that have bound to viral particles. 
D)  The virus is engulfed by T cells using Toll-like receptors. 
A)  An antigen fragment is presented within class I MHC to the T cell receptor. 
B)  Interferon proteins stick to the surface of infected cells. 
C)  T cells recognize antibodies that have bound to viral particles. 
D)  The virus is engulfed by T cells using Toll-like receptors.

Question 16

Which of the following is crucial to activation of the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

A)  memory cells 
B)  presentation of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-antigen complex on a cell surface 
C)  activation of complement proteins 
D)  phagocytosis of antibody-antigen complex by macrophages in the blood 
A)  memory cells 
B)  presentation of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-antigen complex on a cell surface 
C)  activation of complement proteins 
D)  phagocytosis of antibody-antigen complex by macrophages in the blood

Question 17

Which of the following components make up a light chain of an immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule, of any class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L?

Accepted Answer

A)  one C region and one V region 
B)  one H region and one L region 
C)  three H regions and one L region 
D)  two C regions and two V regions 
A)  one C region and one V region 
B)  one H region and one L region 
C)  three H regions and one L region 
D)  two C regions and two V regions

Question 18

Which statement best describes an account of immunological memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  the human body's ability to distinguish self from nonself 
B)  the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause more severe disease than others 
C)  the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines 
D)  the observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased 
A)  the human body's ability to distinguish self from nonself 
B)  the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause more severe disease than others 
C)  the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines 
D)  the observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased

Question 19

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is an inherited X-linked recessive disorder characterized by low platelet count and a compromised immune system among other symptoms. Which answer best describes Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome?

Accepted Answer

A)  autoimmune disease 
B)  inborn immunodeficiency disease 
C)  acquired immunodeficiency disease 
D)  allergy 
A)  autoimmune disease 
B)  inborn immunodeficiency disease 
C)  acquired immunodeficiency disease 
D)  allergy

Question 20

The figure shows the progress of an untreated HIV infection. Which curve represents the concentration of helper T cells in the blood?

Accepted Answer

A)  curve A 
B)  curve B 
C)  curve C 
D)  None of the curves show helper T cell concentration. 
A)  curve A 
B)  curve B 
C)  curve C 
D)  None of the curves show helper T cell concentration.

Exam 47: Animal Defenses Against Infection

Benadryl is an antihistamine. Which of the following is most likely to occur if a person that was stung by a bee takes Benadryl?

Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. Which answer best describes the main immunological function of mucus?

Which of the following statements about epitopes is incorrect?

If a T cell antigen receptor was composed of only a single alpha chain, the receptor would ________.

Which of the following protects both the eyes and the respiratory tract against infections?

Which option best describes why Jenner's use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus was successful?

Which of the following would not help a virus avoid triggering an adaptive immune response?

Which of the following enhances phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages? I. the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes II. antibody-mediated opsonization of microbes III. the release of cytokines by activated B cells

A phagocytic cell has a mutation in a gene for a hydrolytic enzyme that renders the enzyme nonfunctional. What is the most likely effect of the mutation when this phagocytic cell ingests a pathogen?

Which of the following are typical features of an inflammatory response?

A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm, and swollen. Which type of response is most consistent with these symptoms?

Which statement is true about innate immunity?

Which option best describes how a viral antigen, like EBV, is recognized by T cells?

Which of the following is crucial to activation of the adaptive immune response?

Which of the following components make up a light chain of an immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule, of any class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L?

Which statement best describes an account of immunological memory?

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is an inherited X-linked recessive disorder characterized by low platelet count and a compromised immune system among other symptoms. Which answer best describes Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome?

The figure shows the progress of an untreated HIV infection. Which curve represents the concentration of helper T cells in the blood?

Biology and Its Themes

Atoms and Molecules

The Chemistry of Water

Carbon: the Basis of Molecular Diversity

Biological Macromolecules and Lipids

Energy and Life

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Membranes

Cellular Signaling

Cell Respiration

Photosynthetic Processes

Mitosis

Sexual Life Cycles and Meiosis

Mendelian Genetics

Linkage and Chromosomes

Nucleic Acids and Inheritance

Expression of Genes

Control of Gene Expression

Dna Technology

The Evolution of Genomes

How Evolution Works

Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Microevolution

Species and Speciation

Macroevolution

Introduction to Viruses

Prokaryotes

The Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotes

Nonvascular and Seedless Vascular Plants

Seed Plants

Introduction to Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure and Growth

Transport in Vascular Plants

Plant Nutrition

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Plant Signals and Behavior

The Animal Body

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Digestive Systems

Animal Transport Systems

Animal Excretory Systems

Animal Reproductive Systems

Development in Animals

Electrical Signals in Animals

Neural Regulation in Animals

Sensation and Movement in Animals

An Overview of Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Populations and Life History Traits

Biodiversity and Communities

Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems

Conservation and Global Ecology

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