Question 1

Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to the production of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  large quantities of the antigen initially recognized 
B)  vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors 
C)  long-lived erythrocytes that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen 
D)  short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen 
A)  large quantities of the antigen initially recognized 
B)  vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors 
C)  long-lived erythrocytes that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen 
D)  short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen

Question 2

Some people are allergic to dust mites, which are tiny insects that commonly live in house dust. Which of the following is the most immediate outcome if someone who is allergic to dust mites inhales dust years after they are first exposed to dust mites?

Accepted Answer

A)  IgE antibodies are produced and bind to receptors on mast cells 
B)  IgE antibodies bound to mast cells bind the dust mite allergen 
C)  IgE antibodies bound to mast cells bind to each other 
D)  IgE antibodies bound to mast cells trigger the production of histamine 
A)  IgE antibodies are produced and bind to receptors on mast cells 
B)  IgE antibodies bound to mast cells bind the dust mite allergen 
C)  IgE antibodies bound to mast cells bind to each other 
D)  IgE antibodies bound to mast cells trigger the production of histamine

Question 3

Which treatment is most appropriate for an individual complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet?

Accepted Answer

A)  a vaccine 
B)  sterile pollen 
C)  antihistamines 
D)  monoclonal antibodies 
A)  a vaccine 
B)  sterile pollen 
C)  antihistamines 
D)  monoclonal antibodies

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why a bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor to a given recipient even though they are compatible for blood transfusions?

Accepted Answer

A)  their blood-types may match but major histocompatibility (MH
C)  proteins may not be a match 
B)  a blood type match is less stringent than a match required for transplant because blood is more tolerant of change 
C)  there is only one allele for blood-type, but there are many alleles for bone-marrow type 
D)  the given donor's MHC class II genes are not expressed in bone marrow 
A)  their blood-types may match but major histocompatibility (MH
C)  proteins may not be a match 
B)  a blood type match is less stringent than a match required for transplant because blood is more tolerant of change 
C)  there is only one allele for blood-type, but there are many alleles for bone-marrow type 
D)  the given donor's MHC class II genes are not expressed in bone marrow

Question 5

Which of these is a characteristic of adaptive immunity but not innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

A)  memory 
B)  inflammation 
C)  interferons 
D)  lysozyme 
A)  memory 
B)  inflammation 
C)  interferons 
D)  lysozyme

Question 6

Yearly vaccinations for influenza viruses are necessary for humans because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  of an increase in immunodeficiency diseases 
B)  the flu can generate anaphylactic shock 
C)  surviving the flu one year renders the immune system to be nonresponsive the next year 
D)  rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells 
A)  of an increase in immunodeficiency diseases 
B)  the flu can generate anaphylactic shock 
C)  surviving the flu one year renders the immune system to be nonresponsive the next year 
D)  rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells

Question 7

A strain of fruit fly lacks the ability to produce Dicer-2 protein will most likely be susceptible to which of the following types of infections?

Accepted Answer

A)  viral 
B)  bacterial 
C)  fungal 
D)  protozoan 
A)  viral 
B)  bacterial 
C)  fungal 
D)  protozoan

Question 8

An organism that lacks their thymus would ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  lack innate immunity 
B)  be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors 
C)  be unable to differentiate and mature T cells 
D)  have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies 
A)  lack innate immunity 
B)  be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors 
C)  be unable to differentiate and mature T cells 
D)  have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies

Question 9

An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody?

Accepted Answer

A)  the tail 
B)  the heavy-chain constant regions only 
C)  variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined 
D)  the light-chain constant regions only 
A)  the tail 
B)  the heavy-chain constant regions only 
C)  variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined 
D)  the light-chain constant regions only

Question 10

T cells of the immune system include ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  CD4, CD8, and plasma cells 
B)  cytotoxic and helper cells 
C)  plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells 
D)  lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells 
A)  CD4, CD8, and plasma cells 
B)  cytotoxic and helper cells 
C)  plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells 
D)  lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

Question 11

Which of the following cells and signaling molecules are involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

A)  phagocytes and cytokines 
B)  dendritic cells and interferons 
C)  mast cells and histamines 
D)  lymphocytes and interferons 
A)  phagocytes and cytokines 
B)  dendritic cells and interferons 
C)  mast cells and histamines 
D)  lymphocytes and interferons

Question 12

Within a differentiated B cell, the activity of which molecule results in the rearrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions and joining regions?

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA polymerase 
B)  reverse transcriptase 
C)  telomerase 
D)  recombinase 
A)  RNA polymerase 
B)  reverse transcriptase 
C)  telomerase 
D)  recombinase

Question 13

Which of the following can trigger septic shock?

Accepted Answer

A)  certain bacterial infections 
B)  specific forms of viruses 
C)  the presence of natural killer cells 
D)  increased production of neutrophils 
A)  certain bacterial infections 
B)  specific forms of viruses 
C)  the presence of natural killer cells 
D)  increased production of neutrophils

Question 14

Vaccination increases the number of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  different receptors that recognize a pathogen 
B)  lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen 
C)  epitopes that the immune system can recognize 
D)  MHC molecules that can present an antigen 
A)  different receptors that recognize a pathogen 
B)  lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen 
C)  epitopes that the immune system can recognize 
D)  MHC molecules that can present an antigen

Question 15

Which of the following can result in naturally acquired passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

A)  injection of vaccine 
B)  ingestion of interferon 
C)  placental transfer of antibodies 
D)  absorption of pathogens through mucous membranes 
A)  injection of vaccine 
B)  ingestion of interferon 
C)  placental transfer of antibodies 
D)  absorption of pathogens through mucous membranes

Question 16

A patient has a high level of mast cell activity, dilation of blood vessels, and acute drop in blood pressure. Which condition is most consistent with these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

A)  an autoimmune disease 
B)  a typical skin allergy (contact dermatitis) that can be treated by antihistamines 
C)  an organ transplant, such as a skin graft 
D)  anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen 
A)  an autoimmune disease 
B)  a typical skin allergy (contact dermatitis) that can be treated by antihistamines 
C)  an organ transplant, such as a skin graft 
D)  anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen

Question 17

Which statement best describes the difference between responses of effector B cells (plasma cells) and those of cytotoxic T cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity. 
B)  B cells respond the first time a pathogen is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent times. 
C)  B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells. 
D)  B cells carry out the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells carry out the humoral response. 
A)  B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity. 
B)  B cells respond the first time a pathogen is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent times. 
C)  B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells. 
D)  B cells carry out the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells carry out the humoral response.

Question 18

Which of these is not part of insect immunity?

Accepted Answer

A)  enzyme activation of pathogen-killing chemicals 
B)  activation of natural killer cells 
C)  phagocytosis by hemocytes 
D)  production of antimicrobial peptides 
A)  enzyme activation of pathogen-killing chemicals 
B)  activation of natural killer cells 
C)  phagocytosis by hemocytes 
D)  production of antimicrobial peptides

Question 19

Acidity in human sweat is part of which type of immune system?

Accepted Answer

A)  cell-mediated immune responses 
B)  acquired immunity 
C)  adaptive immunity 
D)  innate immunity 
A)  cell-mediated immune responses 
B)  acquired immunity 
C)  adaptive immunity 
D)  innate immunity

Question 20

Use the graphs to answer the following question.
Mutant fruit flies that do not make antimicrobial peptides were tested for survival after infection with Neurospora crassa fungi or with Micrococcus luteus bacteria. The mutant flies were also transfected with the genes for antimicrobial peptides (drosomycin or defensin) and tested for survival.  
 
Which of the following hypotheses is best supported using the data?

Accepted Answer

A)  adding the defensin gene to such mutants protects them from death by bacterial infection 
B)  adding the drosomycin gene to such mutants protects them from death by bacterial infection 
C)  wild-type flies with the full set of genes for antimicrobial peptides are highly susceptible to both fungal and bacterial pathogens 
D)  the presence of any single antimicrobial peptide protects against both fungal and bacterial pathogens 
A)  adding the defensin gene to such mutants protects them from death by bacterial infection 
B)  adding the drosomycin gene to such mutants protects them from death by bacterial infection 
C)  wild-type flies with the full set of genes for antimicrobial peptides are highly susceptible to both fungal and bacterial pathogens 
D)  the presence of any single antimicrobial peptide protects against both fungal and bacterial pathogens

Exam 47: Animal Defenses Against Infection

Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to the production of ________.

Some people are allergic to dust mites, which are tiny insects that commonly live in house dust. Which of the following is the most immediate outcome if someone who is allergic to dust mites inhales dust years after they are first exposed to dust mites?

Which treatment is most appropriate for an individual complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet?

Which of the following best explains why a bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor to a given recipient even though they are compatible for blood transfusions?

Which of these is a characteristic of adaptive immunity but not innate immunity?

Yearly vaccinations for influenza viruses are necessary for humans because ________.

A strain of fruit fly lacks the ability to produce Dicer-2 protein will most likely be susceptible to which of the following types of infections?

An organism that lacks their thymus would ________.

An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody?

T cells of the immune system include ________.

Which of the following cells and signaling molecules are involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response?

Within a differentiated B cell, the activity of which molecule results in the rearrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions and joining regions?

Which of the following can trigger septic shock?

Vaccination increases the number of ________.

Which of the following can result in naturally acquired passive immunity?

A patient has a high level of mast cell activity, dilation of blood vessels, and acute drop in blood pressure. Which condition is most consistent with these symptoms?

Which statement best describes the difference between responses of effector B cells (plasma cells) and those of cytotoxic T cells?

Which of these is not part of insect immunity?

Acidity in human sweat is part of which type of immune system?

Biology and Its Themes

Atoms and Molecules

The Chemistry of Water

Carbon: the Basis of Molecular Diversity

Biological Macromolecules and Lipids

Energy and Life

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Membranes

Cellular Signaling

Cell Respiration

Photosynthetic Processes

Mitosis

Sexual Life Cycles and Meiosis

Mendelian Genetics

Linkage and Chromosomes

Nucleic Acids and Inheritance

Expression of Genes

Control of Gene Expression

Dna Technology

The Evolution of Genomes

How Evolution Works

Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Microevolution

Species and Speciation

Macroevolution

Introduction to Viruses

Prokaryotes

The Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotes

Nonvascular and Seedless Vascular Plants

Seed Plants

Introduction to Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure and Growth

Transport in Vascular Plants

Plant Nutrition

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Plant Signals and Behavior

The Animal Body

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Digestive Systems

Animal Transport Systems

Animal Excretory Systems

Animal Reproductive Systems

Development in Animals

Electrical Signals in Animals

Neural Regulation in Animals

Sensation and Movement in Animals

An Overview of Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Populations and Life History Traits

Biodiversity and Communities

Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems

Conservation and Global Ecology

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