Question 1

Which hormone contributes to calcium homeostasis in fishes and rodents by opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Accepted Answer

A)  thyroxine 
B)  epinephrine 
C)  growth hormone 
D)  calcitonin 
A)  thyroxine 
B)  epinephrine 
C)  growth hormone 
D)  calcitonin

Question 2

Which of the following contributes to poor health when people experience chronic stress?

Accepted Answer

A)  melatonin levels remain elevated 
B)  high levels of parathyroid hormones make blood sugar regulation difficult 
C)  high levels of glucocorticoids suppress the immune response 
D)  suppression of growth hormone allows pathogens to proliferate 
A)  melatonin levels remain elevated 
B)  high levels of parathyroid hormones make blood sugar regulation difficult 
C)  high levels of glucocorticoids suppress the immune response 
D)  suppression of growth hormone allows pathogens to proliferate

Question 3

Certain diseases of the adrenal glands result in increased secretion of adrenal hormones. The symptoms include high blood pressure, increased heart rate, and elevated body temperature. Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal glands and most likely contributes to these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cortisol 
B)  Epinephrine 
C)  Aldosterone 
D)  Insulin 
A)  Cortisol 
B)  Epinephrine 
C)  Aldosterone 
D)  Insulin

Question 4

Which hormone regulates skin color in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles?

Accepted Answer

A)  melanocyte-stimulating hormone 
B)  adrenocorticotropic hormone 
C)  thyroxine 
D)  parathyroid hormone 
A)  melanocyte-stimulating hormone 
B)  adrenocorticotropic hormone 
C)  thyroxine 
D)  parathyroid hormone

Question 5

Tadpoles undergo metamorphosis in their development. The changes include reabsorption of the tail, growth of limbs, and the development of lungs. Amazingly, all of these changes are induced by thyroxine. Which of the following best explains the diverse effects of thyroxine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Thyroxine binds to transport proteins that direct thyroxine to certain tissues. 
B)  Different tissues have thyroxine receptors that activate different signal transduction pathways. 
C)  Some tissues have membrane receptors for thyroxine, while other tissues have thyroxine receptors within the nucleus. 
D)  Thyroid hormone is divided into T3 and T4 as it travels through the bloodstream. 
A)  Thyroxine binds to transport proteins that direct thyroxine to certain tissues. 
B)  Different tissues have thyroxine receptors that activate different signal transduction pathways. 
C)  Some tissues have membrane receptors for thyroxine, while other tissues have thyroxine receptors within the nucleus. 
D)  Thyroid hormone is divided into T3 and T4 as it travels through the bloodstream.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about growth factors is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth. 
B)  They are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division. 
C)  They are local regulators that stimulate division and development of target cells. 
D)  They convey messages between nerve cells. 
A)  They are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth. 
B)  They are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division. 
C)  They are local regulators that stimulate division and development of target cells. 
D)  They convey messages between nerve cells.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a simple endocrine pathway?

Accepted Answer

A)  control of metabolism by thyroid hormones 
B)  release of secretin by cells of the duodenum after exposure to low pH 
C)  release of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland to regulate water balance 
D)  regulation of growth by the production of growth hormone 
A)  control of metabolism by thyroid hormones 
B)  release of secretin by cells of the duodenum after exposure to low pH 
C)  release of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland to regulate water balance 
D)  regulation of growth by the production of growth hormone

Question 8

Which of the following functions would most likely be disrupted by an injury to the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

A)  short-term memory 
B)  coordinated movements during locomotion 
C)  executive functions, such as decision making 
D)  regulation of water balance 
A)  short-term memory 
B)  coordinated movements during locomotion 
C)  executive functions, such as decision making 
D)  regulation of water balance

Question 9

Which of the following types of signal is released into the environment?

Accepted Answer

A)  neural 
B)  paracrine 
C)  neuroendocrine 
D)  pheromones 
A)  neural 
B)  paracrine 
C)  neuroendocrine 
D)  pheromones

Question 10

Which of the following correctly describes the target cells in autocrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are located within a synapse. 
B)  They are located in blood vessels. 
C)  They can be various cell types and are located next to the cells that secrete the autocrine signals. 
D)  They secrete autocrine signals. 
A)  They are located within a synapse. 
B)  They are located in blood vessels. 
C)  They can be various cell types and are located next to the cells that secrete the autocrine signals. 
D)  They secrete autocrine signals.

Question 11

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesized in the ________ and are released from the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hypothalamus; posterior pituitary 
B)  hypothalamus ; hypothalamus 
C)  posterior pituitary; anterior pituitary 
D)  hypothalamus; anterior pituitary 
A)  hypothalamus; posterior pituitary 
B)  hypothalamus ; hypothalamus 
C)  posterior pituitary; anterior pituitary 
D)  hypothalamus; anterior pituitary

Question 12

Which one of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions. 
B)  Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function. 
C)  Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in exocrine glands. 
D)  Hormone pathways involved in homeostasis typically exhibit positive feedback. 
A)  Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions. 
B)  Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function. 
C)  Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in exocrine glands. 
D)  Hormone pathways involved in homeostasis typically exhibit positive feedback.

Question 13

Which of the following is the most likely cause of a goiter?

Accepted Answer

A)  low levels of growth hormone 
B)  overproduction of thyroid hormone 
C)  high levels of calcium in the diet 
D)  low levels of iodine in the diet 
A)  low levels of growth hormone 
B)  overproduction of thyroid hormone 
C)  high levels of calcium in the diet 
D)  low levels of iodine in the diet

Question 14

Which of the following are the two main systems for communication and control in most animals?

Accepted Answer

A)  digestive system and circulatory system 
B)  circulatory system and nervous system 
C)  nervous system and endocrine system 
D)  endocrine system and circulatory system 
A)  digestive system and circulatory system 
B)  circulatory system and nervous system 
C)  nervous system and endocrine system 
D)  endocrine system and circulatory system

Question 15

Which of the following types of cell-to-cell signaling describes tumor cells that secrete growth factors that induce surrounding cells to grow and divide?

Accepted Answer

A)  autocrine 
B)  paracrine 
C)  endocrine 
D)  neuroendocrine 
A)  autocrine 
B)  paracrine 
C)  endocrine 
D)  neuroendocrine

Question 16

What do steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common?

Accepted Answer

A)  their solubility in cell membranes 
B)  their requirement for travel through the bloodstream 
C)  the location of their receptors 
D)  their reliance on signal transduction in the cell 
A)  their solubility in cell membranes 
B)  their requirement for travel through the bloodstream 
C)  the location of their receptors 
D)  their reliance on signal transduction in the cell

Question 17

Which of the following occurs under stressful conditions that include shock, low blood pressure, and low blood sugar levels?

Accepted Answer

A)  PTH lowers blood calcium levels. 
B)  S cells release secretin. 
C)  ACTH stimulates the release of corticosteroids. 
D)  The thyroid gland releases calcitonin. 
A)  PTH lowers blood calcium levels. 
B)  S cells release secretin. 
C)  ACTH stimulates the release of corticosteroids. 
D)  The thyroid gland releases calcitonin.

Question 18

A new type of pesticide sprayed onto fields of corn interferes with the ability of nematodes to find potential mates. This new pesticide most likely interferes with ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  neurotransmitters 
B)  pheromones 
C)  autocrine signaling 
D)  neuroendocrine signaling 
A)  neurotransmitters 
B)  pheromones 
C)  autocrine signaling 
D)  neuroendocrine signaling

Question 19

Which of the following events will be initiated by the fight-or-flight response following a stressful stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A)  the hypothalamus releases prolactin 
B)  the anterior pituitary releases secretin 
C)  ADH secretion reduces urine output 
D)  liver cells convert glycogen into glucose 
A)  the hypothalamus releases prolactin 
B)  the anterior pituitary releases secretin 
C)  ADH secretion reduces urine output 
D)  liver cells convert glycogen into glucose

Question 20

Which of the following is the source of the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

A)  cerebellum 
B)  thalamus 
C)  hypothalamus 
D)  anterior pituitary gland 
A)  cerebellum 
B)  thalamus 
C)  hypothalamus 
D)  anterior pituitary gland

Exam 41: Chemical Signals in Animals

Which hormone contributes to calcium homeostasis in fishes and rodents by opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Which of the following contributes to poor health when people experience chronic stress?

Certain diseases of the adrenal glands result in increased secretion of adrenal hormones. The symptoms include high blood pressure, increased heart rate, and elevated body temperature. Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal glands and most likely contributes to these symptoms?

Which hormone regulates skin color in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles?

Tadpoles undergo metamorphosis in their development. The changes include reabsorption of the tail, growth of limbs, and the development of lungs. Amazingly, all of these changes are induced by thyroxine. Which of the following best explains the diverse effects of thyroxine?

Which of the following statements about growth factors is true?

Which of the following is an example of a simple endocrine pathway?

Which of the following functions would most likely be disrupted by an injury to the hypothalamus?

Which of the following types of signal is released into the environment?

Which of the following correctly describes the target cells in autocrine signaling?

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesized in the ________ and are released from the ________.

Which one of the following statements is true?

Which of the following is the most likely cause of a goiter?

Which of the following are the two main systems for communication and control in most animals?

Which of the following types of cell-to-cell signaling describes tumor cells that secrete growth factors that induce surrounding cells to grow and divide?

What do steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common?

Which of the following occurs under stressful conditions that include shock, low blood pressure, and low blood sugar levels?

A new type of pesticide sprayed onto fields of corn interferes with the ability of nematodes to find potential mates. This new pesticide most likely interferes with ________.

Which of the following events will be initiated by the fight-or-flight response following a stressful stimulus?

Which of the following is the source of the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

Biology and Its Themes

Atoms and Molecules

The Chemistry of Water

Carbon: the Basis of Molecular Diversity

Biological Macromolecules and Lipids

Energy and Life

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Membranes

Cellular Signaling

Cell Respiration

Photosynthetic Processes

Mitosis

Sexual Life Cycles and Meiosis

Mendelian Genetics

Linkage and Chromosomes

Nucleic Acids and Inheritance

Expression of Genes

Control of Gene Expression

Dna Technology

The Evolution of Genomes

How Evolution Works

Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Microevolution

Species and Speciation

Macroevolution

Introduction to Viruses

Prokaryotes

The Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotes

Nonvascular and Seedless Vascular Plants

Seed Plants

Introduction to Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure and Growth

Transport in Vascular Plants

Plant Nutrition

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Plant Signals and Behavior

The Animal Body

Animal Digestive Systems

Animal Transport Systems

Animal Excretory Systems

Animal Reproductive Systems

Development in Animals

Animal Defenses Against Infection

Electrical Signals in Animals

Neural Regulation in Animals

Sensation and Movement in Animals

An Overview of Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Populations and Life History Traits

Biodiversity and Communities

Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems

Conservation and Global Ecology

Filters

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesized in the and are released from the .