Question 1

Which of the following tasks would help a clinician distinguish between damage to Wernicke's area and damage to Broca's area?

Accepted Answer

A)  Asking the patient to repeat words after hearing them 
B)  Assessing the clarity and articulation of the speech 
C)  Asking the patient to say his name 
D)  Asking the patient to point to an object after hearing its name 
E)  Measuring the speed of the patient's speech 
A)  Asking the patient to repeat words after hearing them 
B)  Assessing the clarity and articulation of the speech 
C)  Asking the patient to say his name 
D)  Asking the patient to point to an object after hearing its name 
E)  Measuring the speed of the patient's speech

Question 2

Why doesn't a sleeping person act out his/her dreams?

Accepted Answer

A)  In REM sleep, body temperature is lowered, which impairs muscle activity. 
B)  The visual cortex is inhibited during REM sleep. 
C)  A person transitions too rapidly from REM to non-REM sleep to move. 
D)  During REM sleep the afferent and efferent neural pathways are inhibited. 
E)  Spinal reflexes are not possible during REM sleep. 
A)  In REM sleep, body temperature is lowered, which impairs muscle activity. 
B)  The visual cortex is inhibited during REM sleep. 
C)  A person transitions too rapidly from REM to non-REM sleep to move. 
D)  During REM sleep the afferent and efferent neural pathways are inhibited. 
E)  Spinal reflexes are not possible during REM sleep.

Question 3

Vivid dreams can occur during REM sleep.What is occurring in our brains to keep us from acting out our dreams?

Accepted Answer

A)  The cortex is unable to process information. 
B)  Sensory and motor pathways are inhibited. 
C)  If we begin to move, we switch into a deeper sleep state. 
D)  Cells are firing action potentials in bursts, which cannot cause muscle activity. 
E)  The thalamus is continually hyperpolarized. 
A)  The cortex is unable to process information. 
B)  Sensory and motor pathways are inhibited. 
C)  If we begin to move, we switch into a deeper sleep state. 
D)  Cells are firing action potentials in bursts, which cannot cause muscle activity. 
E)  The thalamus is continually hyperpolarized.

Question 4

Humans have binocular vision, which means that the eyes see overlapping but slightly different views of the world.In the pathway by which visual information travels to the visual cortex for processing, the place where some visual information crosses over to the opposite cerebral hemisphere is the

Accepted Answer

A)  optic nerve. 
B)  ganglion cells of the retina. 
C)  optic chiasm. 
D)  bipolar cells of the retina. 
E)  thalamus. 
A)  optic nerve. 
B)  ganglion cells of the retina. 
C)  optic chiasm. 
D)  bipolar cells of the retina. 
E)  thalamus.

Question 5

On the cellular level, non-REM sleep occurs because of

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperpolarization of the cells of the thalamus and cortex. 
B)  depolarization of cortical neurons. 
C)  increased synaptic input between axons and neurons in the thalamus and cortex. 
D)  desynchronization of electrical impulses in the cortex. 
E)  increased release of neurotransmitters by the reticular activating system. 
A)  hyperpolarization of the cells of the thalamus and cortex. 
B)  depolarization of cortical neurons. 
C)  increased synaptic input between axons and neurons in the thalamus and cortex. 
D)  desynchronization of electrical impulses in the cortex. 
E)  increased release of neurotransmitters by the reticular activating system.

Question 6

Neurons localized in the brainstem that control autonomic functions communicate with their effectors via the

Accepted Answer

A)  central nervous system. 
B)  cranial nerves. 
C)  pons. 
D)  nuclei. 
E)  spinal cord. 
A)  central nervous system. 
B)  cranial nerves. 
C)  pons. 
D)  nuclei. 
E)  spinal cord.

Question 7

Which statement about brain activity during the transition from wakefulness to sleep is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Specific nuclei in the brainstem decrease neurotransmitter release. 
B)  Neurons in the thalamus and cerebral cortex become hyperpolarized. 
C)  Resting potentials of neurons in the thalamus and cerebral cortex become more positive. 
D)  Neurons in the thalamus and cerebral cortex become less sensitive to excitatory synaptic input. 
E)  Processing of information by neurons in the cerebral cortex and thalamus is inhibited. 
A)  Specific nuclei in the brainstem decrease neurotransmitter release. 
B)  Neurons in the thalamus and cerebral cortex become hyperpolarized. 
C)  Resting potentials of neurons in the thalamus and cerebral cortex become more positive. 
D)  Neurons in the thalamus and cerebral cortex become less sensitive to excitatory synaptic input. 
E)  Processing of information by neurons in the cerebral cortex and thalamus is inhibited.

Question 8

Which of the following represents the correct flow of information when a person repeats a heard word?

Accepted Answer

A)  Broca's area F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 Wernicke's area F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 auditory cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 primary motor cortex 
B)  Auditory cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 Wernicke's area F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 Broca's area F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 primary motor cortex 
C)  Primary motor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 auditory cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 Wernicke's area F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 Broca's area 
D)  Broca's area F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 primary motor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 auditory cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 Wernicke's area 
E)  Wernicke's area F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 auditory cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 Broca's area F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 primary motor cortex 
A)  Broca's area F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 Wernicke's area F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 auditory cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 primary motor cortex 
B)  Auditory cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 Wernicke's area F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 Broca's area F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 primary motor cortex 
C)  Primary motor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 auditory cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 Wernicke's area F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 Broca's area 
D)  Broca's area F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 primary motor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 auditory cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 Wernicke's area 
E)  Wernicke's area F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 auditory cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 Broca's area F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 primary motor cortex

Question 9

The receptive field of a retinal ganglion cell

Accepted Answer

A)  does not overlap with the receptive fields of neighboring ganglion cells. 
B)  receives input from one photoreceptor. 
C)  involves connections from photoreceptors to ganglion cells via bipolar cells and modified by synapses from horizontal and amacrine cells. 
D)  is more sensitive in the surround portion than in the center of the field. 
E)  is defined by signals from neighboring ganglion cells. 
A)  does not overlap with the receptive fields of neighboring ganglion cells. 
B)  receives input from one photoreceptor. 
C)  involves connections from photoreceptors to ganglion cells via bipolar cells and modified by synapses from horizontal and amacrine cells. 
D)  is more sensitive in the surround portion than in the center of the field. 
E)  is defined by signals from neighboring ganglion cells.

Question 10

The afferent portion of the peripheral nervous system carries information

Accepted Answer

A)  from the central nervous system to muscles. 
B)  that we are unconscious of to glands. 
C)  about hormones in the blood. 
D)  from the unconscious to the conscious portions of the brain. 
E)  from receptor cells to the central nervous system. 
A)  from the central nervous system to muscles. 
B)  that we are unconscious of to glands. 
C)  about hormones in the blood. 
D)  from the unconscious to the conscious portions of the brain. 
E)  from receptor cells to the central nervous system.

Question 11

Which of the following regions of the cerebral cortex may contribute to a sense of self in higher mammals, such as primates and elephants?

Accepted Answer

A)  Temporal lobe 
B)  Insular cortex 
C)  Occipital lobe 
D)  Parietal lobe 
E)  Frontal lobe 
A)  Temporal lobe 
B)  Insular cortex 
C)  Occipital lobe 
D)  Parietal lobe 
E)  Frontal lobe

Question 12

Refer to the figure.   In the division labeled 1 in the figure, what would be the result if the peripheral nerve leading to the bladder were damaged?

Accepted Answer

This nerve stimulates the urin

Question 13

Which of the following best represents what happens to axons from the retina at the optic chiasm?

Accepted Answer

A)  Axons from the half of each retina closest to the sides of the head cross and go to the opposite side of the brain 
B)  All axons from the left eye go to the right side of the brain and vice versa for axons from the right eye 
C)  Axons from the half of each retina closest to the nose cross and go to the opposite side of the brain 
D)  All axons from the left eye go to the left side of the brain and vice versa for axons from the right eye 
E)  All axons from the left eye go to the left side of the brain and vice versa for axons from the right eye; the axons are then sent to the opposite side of the brain by the thalamus 
A)  Axons from the half of each retina closest to the sides of the head cross and go to the opposite side of the brain 
B)  All axons from the left eye go to the right side of the brain and vice versa for axons from the right eye 
C)  Axons from the half of each retina closest to the nose cross and go to the opposite side of the brain 
D)  All axons from the left eye go to the left side of the brain and vice versa for axons from the right eye 
E)  All axons from the left eye go to the left side of the brain and vice versa for axons from the right eye; the axons are then sent to the opposite side of the brain by the thalamus

Question 14

If you were hooked up to electrodes that gave you a reading of only your eye movements (an electroocculogram, or EOG) during the night, would you be able to learn anything about your sleep cycles, and why?

Accepted Answer

A)  No, because an electroencephalogram (EEG), which is recorded by scalp electrodes, is needed to monitor sleep states. 
B)  No, because both an EEG and an electromyogram (EMG) are needed to monitor sleep states. 
C)  Yes, because an EOG would tell you if your eyes were open. 
D)  Yes, because the EOG would measure jerky eye movements that characterize one type of sleep, called REM sleep. 
E)  No, because your breathing rate is also a factor and would not be monitored by an EOG. 
A)  No, because an electroencephalogram (EEG), which is recorded by scalp electrodes, is needed to monitor sleep states. 
B)  No, because both an EEG and an electromyogram (EMG) are needed to monitor sleep states. 
C)  Yes, because an EOG would tell you if your eyes were open. 
D)  Yes, because the EOG would measure jerky eye movements that characterize one type of sleep, called REM sleep. 
E)  No, because your breathing rate is also a factor and would not be monitored by an EOG.

Question 15

Long-term potentiation may play a role in long-lasting synaptic changes associated with learning because it

Accepted Answer

A)  arises from frequent stimulation of a neural circuit and leads to its continued sensitivity. 
B)  requires increasing amounts of stimulation to maintain the neural circuit. 
C)  reduces the responsiveness of a neural circuit to future stimulation. 
D)  overrides any other stimulus that might be presented. 
E)  does not require any further stimulation to produce a memory. 
A)  arises from frequent stimulation of a neural circuit and leads to its continued sensitivity. 
B)  requires increasing amounts of stimulation to maintain the neural circuit. 
C)  reduces the responsiveness of a neural circuit to future stimulation. 
D)  overrides any other stimulus that might be presented. 
E)  does not require any further stimulation to produce a memory.

Question 16

The hippocampus, which is part of the _______ system, is involved in spatial memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The hippocampus, which is part of the...

Question 17

Half of the information from each eye-that is, the information from the half of each retina that is closest to the nose-crosses to the opposite side of the brain for processing.What is the functional consequence of this crossing over?

Accepted Answer

A)  The visual fields do not overlap. 
B)  The visual cortex does not distinguish which side of the visual field the information arrived from. 
C)  The splitting of information prevents too many action potentials from arriving in the cortex at the same time. 
D)  The thalamus reassembles the information from both eyes for processing. 
E)  All of the information from the left visual field goes to the right side of the brain, and all of the information from the right visual field goes to the left side of the brain. 
A)  The visual fields do not overlap. 
B)  The visual cortex does not distinguish which side of the visual field the information arrived from. 
C)  The splitting of information prevents too many action potentials from arriving in the cortex at the same time. 
D)  The thalamus reassembles the information from both eyes for processing. 
E)  All of the information from the left visual field goes to the right side of the brain, and all of the information from the right visual field goes to the left side of the brain.

Question 18

In a vertebrate embryo, damage to the hindbrain could influence development of which of the following structures?

Accepted Answer

A)  Diencephalon 
B)  Medulla, pons, and cerebellum 
C)  Telencephalon 
D)  Cerebral hemispheres 
E)  Hypothalamus and thalamus 
A)  Diencephalon 
B)  Medulla, pons, and cerebellum 
C)  Telencephalon 
D)  Cerebral hemispheres 
E)  Hypothalamus and thalamus

Question 19

At the core of the forebrain are evolutionarily older structures that govern instincts, long-term memory formation, and physiological drives.These are known as the _______, and they develop from the embryonic _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  hypothalamus; forebrain 
B)  homeostatic system; hindbrain 
C)  limbic system; forebrain 
D)  cerebral cortex; forebrain 
E)  cerebrum; hindbrain 
A)  hypothalamus; forebrain 
B)  homeostatic system; hindbrain 
C)  limbic system; forebrain 
D)  cerebral cortex; forebrain 
E)  cerebrum; hindbrain

Question 20

The activity in a person's brain can be visualized using positron emission tomography (PET).If the person is touching different objects with his right hand, where would you expect to see increased activity related to his hand movements?

Accepted Answer

A)  The right side of the hypothalamus 
B)  The left side of the hippocampus 
C)  The left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex 
D)  The right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex 
E)  The right side of the brainstem 
A)  The right side of the hypothalamus 
B)  The left side of the hippocampus 
C)  The left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex 
D)  The right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex 
E)  The right side of the brainstem

Exam 46: The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Which of the following tasks would help a clinician distinguish between damage to Wernicke's area and damage to Broca's area?

Why doesn't a sleeping person act out his/her dreams?

Vivid dreams can occur during REM sleep.What is occurring in our brains to keep us from acting out our dreams?

Humans have binocular vision, which means that the eyes see overlapping but slightly different views of the world.In the pathway by which visual information travels to the visual cortex for processing, the place where some visual information crosses over to the opposite cerebral hemisphere is the

On the cellular level, non-REM sleep occurs because of

Neurons localized in the brainstem that control autonomic functions communicate with their effectors via the

Which statement about brain activity during the transition from wakefulness to sleep is false?

Which of the following represents the correct flow of information when a person repeats a heard word?

The receptive field of a retinal ganglion cell

The afferent portion of the peripheral nervous system carries information

Which of the following regions of the cerebral cortex may contribute to a sense of self in higher mammals, such as primates and elephants?

Refer to the figure. In the division labeled 1 in the figure, what would be the result if the peripheral nerve leading to the bladder were damaged?

Which of the following best represents what happens to axons from the retina at the optic chiasm?

If you were hooked up to electrodes that gave you a reading of only your eye movements (an electroocculogram, or EOG) during the night, would you be able to learn anything about your sleep cycles, and why?

Long-term potentiation may play a role in long-lasting synaptic changes associated with learning because it

The hippocampus, which is part of the _______ system, is involved in spatial memory.

Half of the information from each eye-that is, the information from the half of each retina that is closest to the nose-crosses to the opposite side of the brain for processing.What is the functional consequence of this crossing over?

In a vertebrate embryo, damage to the hindbrain could influence development of which of the following structures?

At the core of the forebrain are evolutionarily older structures that govern instincts, long-term memory formation, and physiological drives.These are known as the _______, and they develop from the embryonic _______.

The activity in a person's brain can be visualized using positron emission tomography (PET).If the person is touching different objects with his right hand, where would you expect to see increased activity related to his hand movements?

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

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The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

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The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

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Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

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Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

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At the core of the forebrain are evolutionarily older structures that govern instincts, long-term memory formation, and physiological drives.These are known as the _, and they develop from the embryonic _.