Question 1

Which of the following describes the best approach to making a gene that contains introns shorter, but remaining functional, for genetic engineering purposes?

Accepted Answer

A)  express in bacteria then a restriction enzyme (endonuclease) to cut the gene into shorter pieces 
B)  isolate the specific mRNA from the animal then use reverse transcriptase to produce cDNA 
C)  isolate the specific protein from the animal then use the genetic code to reconstruct DNA from the polypeptide sequence 
D)  using DNA ligase to put together fragments of the DNA that code for a particular polypeptide 
A)  express in bacteria then a restriction enzyme (endonuclease) to cut the gene into shorter pieces 
B)  isolate the specific mRNA from the animal then use reverse transcriptase to produce cDNA 
C)  isolate the specific protein from the animal then use the genetic code to reconstruct DNA from the polypeptide sequence 
D)  using DNA ligase to put together fragments of the DNA that code for a particular polypeptide

Question 2

PCR and cellular DNA replication share which of the following characteristics?

Accepted Answer

A)  require a DNA primer to begin extension 
B)  extend new strand in 5 to 3 direction 
C)  form short Okazaki fragments 
D)  require helicase to separate DNA template strands 
A)  require a DNA primer to begin extension 
B)  extend new strand in 5 to 3 direction 
C)  form short Okazaki fragments 
D)  require helicase to separate DNA template strands

Question 3

Which of the following tools of DNA technology is incorrectly paired with its use?

Accepted Answer

A)  electrophoresis-separation of DNA fragments 
B)  DNA ligase-cutting DNA, creating sticky ends of restriction fragments 
C)  DNA polymerase-polymerase chain reaction to amplify sections of DNA 
D)  reverse transcriptase-production of cDNA from mRNA 
A)  electrophoresis-separation of DNA fragments 
B)  DNA ligase-cutting DNA, creating sticky ends of restriction fragments 
C)  DNA polymerase-polymerase chain reaction to amplify sections of DNA 
D)  reverse transcriptase-production of cDNA from mRNA

Question 4

Which of the following measures has been adopted by researchers to address concerns over the safety of using DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

A)  Microorganisms used in recombinant DNA experiments must be modified to ensure that they cannot survive outside of the laboratory. 
B)  Genetically modified organisms are not allowed to be part of our food supply. 
C)  Transgenic plants are engineered so that the plant genes cannot hybridize. 
D)  Experiments involving HIV or other potentially dangerous viruses have been banned. 
A)  Microorganisms used in recombinant DNA experiments must be modified to ensure that they cannot survive outside of the laboratory. 
B)  Genetically modified organisms are not allowed to be part of our food supply. 
C)  Transgenic plants are engineered so that the plant genes cannot hybridize. 
D)  Experiments involving HIV or other potentially dangerous viruses have been banned.

Question 5

Which of the following statements correctly describes how RNA interference (RNAi) reduces the expression of selected genes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules stop transcription from occurring. 
B)  Synthetic single-stranded RNA molecules trigger incorrect processing of pre-RNA into RNA. 
C)  Synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules trigger the breakdown of a gene's messenger RNA. 
D)  Synthetic single-stranded RNA molecules bind cellular RNA and block translation. 
A)  Synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules stop transcription from occurring. 
B)  Synthetic single-stranded RNA molecules trigger incorrect processing of pre-RNA into RNA. 
C)  Synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules trigger the breakdown of a gene's messenger RNA. 
D)  Synthetic single-stranded RNA molecules bind cellular RNA and block translation.

Question 6

Which of the following characteristics of RNA-seq make it particularly suitable to use in genome-wide expression studies?

Accepted Answer

A)  It does not require knowledge of the genome's sequence before the study begins. 
B)  The primers used are at least 15 nucleotides long, and therefore provide high specificity. 
C)  It measures levels of expression over a narrow, well-characterized range. 
D)  The process results in cDNA fragments that can be used to reassemble plasmids containing the genome. 
A)  It does not require knowledge of the genome's sequence before the study begins. 
B)  The primers used are at least 15 nucleotides long, and therefore provide high specificity. 
C)  It measures levels of expression over a narrow, well-characterized range. 
D)  The process results in cDNA fragments that can be used to reassemble plasmids containing the genome.

Question 7

In large-scale, genome-wide association studies in humans, which of the following types of genetic markers are typically sought by researchers?

Accepted Answer

A)  SNPs found approximately 100-300 bases apart within the genome 
B)  specific SNPs found more often in persons with a particular disorder than in healthy controls 
C)  specific SNPs inherited more frequently by members within a family than by unrelated individuals 
D)  SNPs where one allele is found in two or more adjacent genes 
A)  SNPs found approximately 100-300 bases apart within the genome 
B)  specific SNPs found more often in persons with a particular disorder than in healthy controls 
C)  specific SNPs inherited more frequently by members within a family than by unrelated individuals 
D)  SNPs where one allele is found in two or more adjacent genes

Question 8

In the form of gene therapy used successfully for severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, SCID-X1, how is the genetic engineering of human cells achieved?

Accepted Answer

A)  by injecting engineered viruses into the patient's bloodstream 
B)  by injecting engineered viruses into the patient's bone marrow 
C)  by treating a relative's cultured bone marrow cells with genetically engineered viruses and then injecting these cells into the patient's bone marrow 
D)  by isolating the patient's bone marrow cells, infecting them with genetically engineered viruses, and injecting them back into the patient's bone marrow 
A)  by injecting engineered viruses into the patient's bloodstream 
B)  by injecting engineered viruses into the patient's bone marrow 
C)  by treating a relative's cultured bone marrow cells with genetically engineered viruses and then injecting these cells into the patient's bone marrow 
D)  by isolating the patient's bone marrow cells, infecting them with genetically engineered viruses, and injecting them back into the patient's bone marrow

Question 9

Many identical copies of genes cloned in bacteria are produced as a result of which of the following processes?

Accepted Answer

A)  plasmid replication only 
B)  bacterial cell reproduction only 
C)  transformation 
D)  plasmid and bacterial cell reproduction 
A)  plasmid replication only 
B)  bacterial cell reproduction only 
C)  transformation 
D)  plasmid and bacterial cell reproduction

Question 10

What information is critical to the success of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

Accepted Answer

A)  The DNA sequence of the ends of the DNA to be amplified must be known. 
B)  The complete DNA sequence of the DNA to be amplified must be known. 
C)  The sequence of restriction-enzyme recognition sites in the DNA to be amplified must be known. 
D)  The sequence of restriction-enzyme recognition sites in the DNA to be amplified and in the plasmid where the amplified DNA fragment will be cloned must be known. 
A)  The DNA sequence of the ends of the DNA to be amplified must be known. 
B)  The complete DNA sequence of the DNA to be amplified must be known. 
C)  The sequence of restriction-enzyme recognition sites in the DNA to be amplified must be known. 
D)  The sequence of restriction-enzyme recognition sites in the DNA to be amplified and in the plasmid where the amplified DNA fragment will be cloned must be known.

Question 11

Use the following information to answer the question.
A piece of DNA was incubated with a restriction enzyme called Hind III. The restriction enzyme digestion produced eight different size fragments that were separated by gel electrophoresis.
Which of the following observations correctly describes characteristics of the outcomes of this process?

Accepted Answer

A)  When separated by gel electrophoresis, the pattern of DNA bands specific to Hind III digestion; repeating the process using a different restriction enzyme would not produce these fragments. 
B)  The sequence that Hind III binds is found at places in this piece of DNA; gel electrophoresis provides the force needed to break the DNA under the DNA-enzyme complexes. 
C)  If an electrical current is not used during gel electrophoresis, eight separate DNA bands would be visible, but they would not be separated as much as when an electrical current is used. 
D)  Because restriction enzymes cut specific sequences of DNA, use of any other different restriction enzyme would result in one large piece of DNA rather than eight fragments. 
A)  When separated by gel electrophoresis, the pattern of DNA bands specific to Hind III digestion; repeating the process using a different restriction enzyme would not produce these fragments. 
B)  The sequence that Hind III binds is found at places in this piece of DNA; gel electrophoresis provides the force needed to break the DNA under the DNA-enzyme complexes. 
C)  If an electrical current is not used during gel electrophoresis, eight separate DNA bands would be visible, but they would not be separated as much as when an electrical current is used. 
D)  Because restriction enzymes cut specific sequences of DNA, use of any other different restriction enzyme would result in one large piece of DNA rather than eight fragments.

Question 12

Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of genetically engineered plants?

Accepted Answer

A)  The modification makes new plants infertile and unable to reproduce without grafting. 
B)  The alterations can be made in a somatic cell then grown into a whole plant with new traits. 
C)  Genetically engineered plants are used in research but not yet in commercial agricultural production. 
D)  Genetically engineered plants are banned throughout the world. 
A)  The modification makes new plants infertile and unable to reproduce without grafting. 
B)  The alterations can be made in a somatic cell then grown into a whole plant with new traits. 
C)  Genetically engineered plants are used in research but not yet in commercial agricultural production. 
D)  Genetically engineered plants are banned throughout the world.

Question 13

Which of the following characteristics of retroviruses most directly contributes to their usefulness in gene therapy applications?

Accepted Answer

A)  After infection, the RNA genome of retroviruses is short lived. 
B)  Retroviruses possess reverse transcriptase. 
C)  DNA copies of retroviral genomes become integrated into the genome of the infected cell. 
D)  Conversion of a retrovirus' genome from RNA to DNA occurs without significant proofreading. 
A)  After infection, the RNA genome of retroviruses is short lived. 
B)  Retroviruses possess reverse transcriptase. 
C)  DNA copies of retroviral genomes become integrated into the genome of the infected cell. 
D)  Conversion of a retrovirus' genome from RNA to DNA occurs without significant proofreading.

Question 14

Pax-6 is a gene involved in eye formation that has homologues in invertebrates and vertebrates. The fact that expressing the mouse form of Pax-6 in a fruit fly leads to a compound fly eye (not a single lens mouse eye) suggests which of the following characteristics of this gene?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pax-6 genes are identical in nucleotide sequence. 
B)  PAX-6 proteins have identical amino acid sequences. 
C)  Pax-6 gene is highly conserved and shows shared evolutionary ancestry. 
D)  PAX-6 proteins are different for formation of different kinds of eyes. 
A)  Pax-6 genes are identical in nucleotide sequence. 
B)  PAX-6 proteins have identical amino acid sequences. 
C)  Pax-6 gene is highly conserved and shows shared evolutionary ancestry. 
D)  PAX-6 proteins are different for formation of different kinds of eyes.

Question 15

For which of the following processes can dideoxyribonucleotides be used?

Accepted Answer

A)  to separate different sized DNA fragments 
B)  to produce cDNA from mRNA 
C)  to sequence a DNA fragment 
D)  to visualize DNA expression 
A)  to separate different sized DNA fragments 
B)  to produce cDNA from mRNA 
C)  to sequence a DNA fragment 
D)  to visualize DNA expression

Question 16

Which of the following statements correctly describes one of the main differences between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Embryonic stem cells only differentiate into only eggs and sperm, and adult stem cells differentiate into any type of cell. 
B)  Embryonic stem cells can give rise to all cell types in the organism, and adult stem cells cannot. 
C)  Embryonic stem cells can continue to reproduce for an indefinite period, and adult stem cells cannot. 
D)  Embryonic stem cells are used to provide cells for repair of diseased tissue, and adult stem cells are not. 
A)  Embryonic stem cells only differentiate into only eggs and sperm, and adult stem cells differentiate into any type of cell. 
B)  Embryonic stem cells can give rise to all cell types in the organism, and adult stem cells cannot. 
C)  Embryonic stem cells can continue to reproduce for an indefinite period, and adult stem cells cannot. 
D)  Embryonic stem cells are used to provide cells for repair of diseased tissue, and adult stem cells are not.

Question 17

Which order of the following steps provides the most logical sequence to follow when splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid and inserting the plasmid into a bacterium?
I. Transform bacteria with a recombinant DNA molecule.
II. Cut the plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes (endonucleases).
III. Extract plasmid DNA from bacterial cells.
IV. Hydrogen-bond the plasmid DNA to non-plasmid DNA fragments.
V. Use ligase to seal plasmid DNA to non-plasmid DNA.

Accepted Answer

A)  II, III, V, IV, I 
B)  III, II, IV, V, I 
C)  III, IV, V, I, II 
D)  IV, V, I, II, III 
A)  II, III, V, IV, I 
B)  III, II, IV, V, I 
C)  III, IV, V, I, II 
D)  IV, V, I, II, III

Question 18

Which of the following characteristics of short tandem repeats (STRs) DNA makes it useful for DNA fingerprinting (genetic profiling)?

Accepted Answer

A)  The number of repeats at a particular STR is inherited following Mendelian genetic patterns. 
B)  The specific sequence of DNA that is repeated varies significantly from individual to individual. 
C)  Knowing the number of repeats that a person has at a single chromosomal locus is sufficient to connect that person to a DNA sample from a crime scene. 
D)  Analysis by RT-PCR allows the profile to be produced even when the sample is in poor condition. 
A)  The number of repeats at a particular STR is inherited following Mendelian genetic patterns. 
B)  The specific sequence of DNA that is repeated varies significantly from individual to individual. 
C)  Knowing the number of repeats that a person has at a single chromosomal locus is sufficient to connect that person to a DNA sample from a crime scene. 
D)  Analysis by RT-PCR allows the profile to be produced even when the sample is in poor condition.

Question 19

Which of the following processes is used to convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells (iPS).

Accepted Answer

A)  A retrovirus is used to introduce four specific master regulatory genes. 
B)  The adult stem cells are fused with embryonic cells. 
C)  Cytoplasm from embryonic cells is injected into the adult cells. 
D)  The nucleus of an embryonic cell is used to replace the nucleus of an adult cell. 
A)  A retrovirus is used to introduce four specific master regulatory genes. 
B)  The adult stem cells are fused with embryonic cells. 
C)  Cytoplasm from embryonic cells is injected into the adult cells. 
D)  The nucleus of an embryonic cell is used to replace the nucleus of an adult cell.

Question 20

Which of the following statements correctly describes characteristics of adult stem cells and other cells isolated from the same tissue at the same time?

Accepted Answer

A)  The two cell types have different patterns of DNA methylation. 
B)  The adult stem cells have different DNA than the non-stem cells. 
C)  The two kinds of cells have virtually identical gene expression patterns in microarrays. 
D)  The non-stem cells have fewer repressed genes than the adult stem cells. 
A)  The two cell types have different patterns of DNA methylation. 
B)  The adult stem cells have different DNA than the non-stem cells. 
C)  The two kinds of cells have virtually identical gene expression patterns in microarrays. 
D)  The non-stem cells have fewer repressed genes than the adult stem cells.

Exam 19: Dna Technology

Which of the following describes the best approach to making a gene that contains introns shorter, but remaining functional, for genetic engineering purposes?

PCR and cellular DNA replication share which of the following characteristics?

Which of the following tools of DNA technology is incorrectly paired with its use?

Which of the following measures has been adopted by researchers to address concerns over the safety of using DNA technology?

Which of the following statements correctly describes how RNA interference (RNAi) reduces the expression of selected genes?

Which of the following characteristics of RNA-seq make it particularly suitable to use in genome-wide expression studies?

In large-scale, genome-wide association studies in humans, which of the following types of genetic markers are typically sought by researchers?

In the form of gene therapy used successfully for severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, SCID-X1, how is the genetic engineering of human cells achieved?

Many identical copies of genes cloned in bacteria are produced as a result of which of the following processes?

What information is critical to the success of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of genetically engineered plants?

Which of the following characteristics of retroviruses most directly contributes to their usefulness in gene therapy applications?

Pax-6 is a gene involved in eye formation that has homologues in invertebrates and vertebrates. The fact that expressing the mouse form of Pax-6 in a fruit fly leads to a compound fly eye (not a single lens mouse eye) suggests which of the following characteristics of this gene?

For which of the following processes can dideoxyribonucleotides be used?

Which of the following statements correctly describes one of the main differences between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells?

Which of the following characteristics of short tandem repeats (STRs) DNA makes it useful for DNA fingerprinting (genetic profiling)?

Which of the following processes is used to convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells (iPS).

Which of the following statements correctly describes characteristics of adult stem cells and other cells isolated from the same tissue at the same time?

Biology and Its Themes

Atoms and Molecules

The Chemistry of Water

Carbon: the Basis of Molecular Diversity

Biological Macromolecules and Lipids

Energy and Life

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Membranes

Cellular Signaling

Cell Respiration

Photosynthetic Processes

Mitosis

Sexual Life Cycles and Meiosis

Mendelian Genetics

Linkage and Chromosomes

Nucleic Acids and Inheritance

Expression of Genes

Control of Gene Expression

The Evolution of Genomes

How Evolution Works

Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Microevolution

Species and Speciation

Macroevolution

Introduction to Viruses

Prokaryotes

The Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotes

Nonvascular and Seedless Vascular Plants

Seed Plants

Introduction to Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Plant Structure and Growth

Transport in Vascular Plants

Plant Nutrition

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Plant Signals and Behavior

The Animal Body

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Digestive Systems

Animal Transport Systems

Animal Excretory Systems

Animal Reproductive Systems

Development in Animals

Animal Defenses Against Infection

Electrical Signals in Animals

Neural Regulation in Animals

Sensation and Movement in Animals

An Overview of Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Populations and Life History Traits

Biodiversity and Communities

Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems

Conservation and Global Ecology

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