Exam 1: Plato

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -Describe Plato's allegory of the cave. What do the various components of the allegory represent? What is the point of the allegory?

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -In the Republic, Socrates argues that democracy is the best form of government.

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -In the Crito, Socrates claims that he signed a written agreement to obey the laws of the city.

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -Socrates claims that Euthyphro should not prosecute his father unless he has knowledge of piety.

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -Socrates suggests that the holy is one part of:

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -Socrates and Euthyphro agree that the holy is:

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -In the Phaedo, Socrates refuses to drink the poison voluntarily.

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates suggests that his wisdom consists of:

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -In the Republic, Socrates claims that it is never permissible for the rulers of the city to lie.

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -According to the Phaedo, Socrates in his last moments:

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -In the Crito, how does Socrates argue for the view that he is obligated to obey the laws of Athens? What do you think is the strongest objection to Socrates's view? Do you think Socrates was right to submit to execution rather than escaping? Why or why not?

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates describes his quest to disprove the Delphic oracle's claim that he was the wisest man in Athens. How did he go about trying to disprove this claim, and what were the results? How does Socrates conceive of wisdom? Do you find his account plausible?

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -Socrates claims that the soul is:

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -What kind of a good does Socrates claim justice is? To whom is justice advantageous, on his view? How does he argue for this position? Do you agree with him?

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -In the Republic, Thrasymachus claims that justice is:

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -Write an essay critically examining Euthyphro's dilemma. What question gives rise to the dilemma, and why are both possible answers to this question problematic? How do you think the dilemma should be resolved? Defend your answer.

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -In the Republic, Socrates claims that the most beneficial kind of life is to appear just without being so.

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -When Euthyphro attempts to define the holy as prosecuting wrongdoers, Socrates objects that:

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -In the Republic, Socrates claims that justice is necessary for:

Plato: Selections These dialogues present several of the main ideas of Socrates's moral philosophy, including the views that one's primary concern should be cultivating justice within oneself, and that true wisdom consists of being aware of one's ignorance. By writing in dialogue, Plato also introduces Socrates's method of doing philosophy via the give and take of rational discussion. In the Euthyphro, Socrates interrogates a young Athenian about the nature of holiness. When Euthyphro claims to know what the holy is, Socrates pressures him to provide a definition. After several initial attempts to do so are unsuccessful, Euthyphro proposes that the holy is what all the gods love, and the unholy is what all the gods hate. Socrates responds with a now-famous question: "Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved?" When Euthyphro replies that the gods love things because they are holy, Socrates points out that this definition implies that things are holy prior to the gods' love for them. Thus Socrates complains that Euthyphro has not explained what it is to be holy. The dialogue closes without arriving at any satisfactory definition of the holy. In the Defence of Socrates, Socrates is on trial for corrupting the young and failing to acknowledge the gods of Athens. Over the course of his defense, Socrates tells the story of how he came to be a philosopher, and claims that his superior wisdom consists in knowing that he is ignorant of things that other people falsely claim to know. Socrates also claims that death is not to be feared, for we do not know whether death is truly a harm or not. Despite his defense, Socrates is convicted and sentenced to death. In the Crito, Socrates is in prison awaiting his sentence when he is approached by a friend, who argues that he should try to escape punishment. Socrates argues that by choosing to live in Athens, he has agreed to follow the laws of the city, and therefore it would be unjust for him to escape from prison. Because Socrates values justice more than he values his own life, he chooses to remain in prison. His sentence is carried out in the excerpt of the Phaedo printed here. The Republic is Plato's masterpiece, and is a long reflection on the nature of justice, both at the level of the city-state and within an individual. Just as in the Euthyphro Socrates sought an account of the nature of holiness, here he seeks to know what it is for a person or a state to be just, and whether a just life is preferable to an unjust one. For this purpose, Socrates presents a detailed description of what he regards as the ideal city, ruled by philosopher kings. Just as the just city is ruled by philosophers, Socrates claims that a just soul is ruled by its rational part. One of the primary conclusions of the dialogue is that the life of a just person is also happiest. -During his trial, Socrates argues that he would never intentionally corrupt others because: