Exam 6: Augustine

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -How plausible is Augustine's view of lying? Under what circumstances does Augustine regard lying as permissible? Do you think there are any counterexamples to his view? If so, present one. If not, what can be said in defense of Augustine's position?

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Question 1

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Augustine's view of lying is quite stringent, as he believes that lying is always a sin, regardless of the circumstances. He argues that one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury, and that no lie should ever be praised. However, Augustine does acknowledge that some lies may be pardoned, but he emphasizes that the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion.

It is worth considering whether Augustine's view of lying is plausible. While his commitment to truth and honesty is admirable, there are certainly circumstances in which lying may be permissible or even morally obligatory. For example, if a person were hiding Jews in their home during the Holocaust and were asked by the Nazis if they were present, it seems reasonable to argue that lying in this situation would be justified in order to save innocent lives.

Furthermore, Augustine's assertion that no lie should ever be praised may be too extreme. There are instances in which lying may be seen as a compassionate or merciful act, such as when a doctor lies to a terminally ill patient about their prognosis in order to spare them unnecessary distress.

In defense of Augustine's position, it can be argued that his strict stance on lying is rooted in his belief in the importance of truth and the inherent value of honesty. He may also be concerned about the potential consequences of allowing lying in certain circumstances, as it could lead to a slippery slope where individuals justify deceit for their own benefit.

Ultimately, while Augustine's view of lying is based on a commendable commitment to truth and moral integrity, it may be too rigid and fail to account for the complexities of real-life ethical dilemmas. There are certainly circumstances in which lying can be justified or even morally necessary, and it is important to consider the specific context and consequences of dishonesty in making moral judgments.

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -Describe Augustine's view of error. Is error always an evil? Is it always blameworthy? What is most the serious error, according to Augustine? Do you agree with him?

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Augustine's view of error is that it is always an evil, as it involves accepting what is false as if it were true. However, he does not believe that error is always blameworthy, as people may sometimes be blameless in their errors. Augustine rejects the view of some Academic philosophers that we should suspend judgment about all matters, as he finds it absurd. He argues that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant.

According to Augustine, the most serious error is that which concerns matters of religion. He insists that no lie should ever be praised, and lying is always a sin, even if it is to save an innocent person from injury.

As for whether I agree with Augustine, I believe that error can indeed be blameworthy, especially when it leads to harm or injustice. However, I also recognize that there are instances where people may be blameless in their errors, and I do not agree with Augustine's absolute stance on lying, as there may be situations where a lie is necessary to prevent harm or protect others. Overall, while I appreciate Augustine's emphasis on truth and morality, I do not fully agree with his strict views on error and lying.

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -How does Augustine respond to those philosophers who claim to be ignorant of everything? Do you think his argument is a good one?

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Question 3

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Augustine responds to those philosophers who claim to be ignorant of everything by rejecting their view as absurd. He argues that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine's argument is based on the idea that claiming ignorance about everything is self-defeating, as it requires a level of awareness and consciousness that contradicts the claim of complete ignorance.

In my opinion, Augustine's argument is a good one. It highlights the logical inconsistency of claiming complete ignorance while still maintaining a level of self-awareness. Augustine's rejection of the view that one should suspend judgment about all matters is based on the idea that human beings have a fundamental awareness of their own existence, which undermines the possibility of complete ignorance. Therefore, I find Augustine's argument to be persuasive in refuting the notion of complete ignorance put forth by the philosophers he is addressing.

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -According to Augustine, error:

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Question 4

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -Augustine identifies corruption with:

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Question 5

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -According to Augustine, sin:

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Question 6

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -Augustine holds that we can never err:

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Question 7

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -Augustine claims that it is better to say something false while believing it to be true than to say something true while believing it to be false.

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Question 8

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -Augustine claims that Academic skepticism:

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Question 9

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -Augustine claims that being deceived:

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Question 10

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -Augustine claims that there can be no evil where there is no:

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Question 11

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -Write an essay critically examining Augustine's account of evil. What role do God and goodness play in Augustine's theory? What do you think is the strongest objection to the theory? Can this objection be overcome?

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Question 12

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -In Augustine's view, all lies are equally bad.

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Question 13

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -Augustine claims that the logical rule that two contraries cannot be predicated at the same time of the same thing:

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Question 14

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -Augustine claims that it is permissible to lie to save another person from injury.

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Question 15

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -According to Augustine, the essence of lying is to have one thought on your heart and the opposite on your lips.

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Question 16

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -According to Augustine, evil:

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Question 17

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -According to Augustine, a person who never lies except to save another person from injury:

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 18

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -According to Augustine, speech was given to human beings for the purpose of making their thoughts known to one another.

(True/False)

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Question 19

Augustine: Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love Augustine begins by situating his views about good and evil within his theology. Augustine holds that all things were created by a supremely and unchangeably good God, and that because of this all created things are good, although not supremely and unchangeably so. Evil is merely the absence of good, and comes about when the nature of a good thing is corrupted. If a thing were wholly consumed by corruption, however, it would cease to be. Thus, no existing thing can ever be wholly corrupted, and every evil thing that exists must still contain some goodness. In light of this, Augustine claims, we must consider a wicked man to be an "evil good"-evil in virtue of his wickedness, but good in virtue of being a man. In contrast, something can be perfectly good without containing any evil. Augustine then proceeds to a discussion of the nature of error. The essence of error is to accept what is false as if it were true. This is always an evil, although it is not always a sin, for people might sometimes be blameless in their errors. If this were not so, then it might be best to adopt the view of some Academic philosophers, that we should suspend judgment about all matters. Augustine rejects this view as absurd, however, on the grounds that if one holds that one is ignorant, it follows that one must at least be aware that one is alive, for only living beings can be ignorant. Augustine concludes with a discussion of the morality of lying. In Augustine's view, lying is always a sin; one cannot lie even to save an innocent person from injury. Nonetheless, some lies are clearly worse than others. Although some lies might be pardoned, the most serious lies are those that concern matters of religion. Augustine insists, however, that no lie should ever be praised. -In Augustine's view, lying is:

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 20

Showing 1 - 20 of 32

Exam 6: Augustine

Plato

Aristotle

Epicurus

Cicero

Epictetus

Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Hobbes

Joseph Butler

David Hume

Immanuel Kant

Jeremy Bentham

John Stuart Mill

Henry Sidgwick

Friedrich Nietzsche

G.E.Moore

H.A.Prichard

A.J.Ayer

C.L.Stevenson

John Dewey

R.M.Hare

J.J.C.Smart

Bernard Williams

W.D.Ross

John Rawls

David Gauthier

T.M.Scanlon

Barbara Herman

Philippa Foot

Christine Korsgaard

Thomas Nagel

Susan Wolf

Jean-Paul Sartre

G.E.M.Anscombe

Julia Annas

Nomy Arpaly

Virginia Held

Gilbert Harman

J.L.Mackie

Walter Sinnott-Armstrong

Mary Midgley

James Rachels

Judith Jarvis Thomson

Don Marquis

James Rachels

Philippa Foot

Peter Singer

Travis Timmerman

Tom Regan

Henry Shue

Karen Hanson

Laurence Thomas

Celia Wolf-Devine

N.Ann Davis

Margaret Crouch

Judith Jarvis Thomson

Judith Jarvis Thomson

Thomas Nagel

Richard Taylor

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