Question 1

A patient who undergoes a high level of mast cell degranulation,dilation of blood vessels,and acute drop in blood pressure is likely suffering from

Accepted Answer

A) an autoimmune disease. 
B) a typical allergy that can be treated by antihistamines. 
C) an organ transplant, such as a skin graft. 
D) the effect of exhaustion on the immune system. 
E) anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen. 
A) an autoimmune disease. 
B) a typical allergy that can be treated by antihistamines. 
C) an organ transplant, such as a skin graft. 
D) the effect of exhaustion on the immune system. 
E) anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen.

Question 2

A key part of the humoral immune response is

Accepted Answer

A) the attack of cytotoxic T cells on infected host cells. 
B) the production of antibodies by plasma cells. 
C) perforation of infected host cells by perforin. 
D) the attack of phagocytes on living pathogens. 
E) the initiation of programmed cell death in infected host cells. 
A) the attack of cytotoxic T cells on infected host cells. 
B) the production of antibodies by plasma cells. 
C) perforation of infected host cells by perforin. 
D) the attack of phagocytes on living pathogens. 
E) the initiation of programmed cell death in infected host cells.

Question 3

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
John is in the hospital recovering from kidney transplant surgery.He is currently taking a cocktail of anti-rejection drugs.Friends and family have come to visit with John,including his cousin Susan who is suffering from a cold.
-The molecule that stimulates the immune response that leads to rejection is

Accepted Answer

A) MHC. 
B) TLR. 
C) signalling molecule. 
D) polysaccharide. 
E) immunoglobulin. 
A) MHC. 
B) TLR. 
C) signalling molecule. 
D) polysaccharide. 
E) immunoglobulin.

Question 4

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
In a famous study,women were asked to smell and rate the attractiveness of axillary odours on t-shirts worn by different men.Results showed that ovulating women preferred the odour of the t-shirts worn by MHC (major histocompatibility complex)dissimilar men.This indicates that dissimilarity in MHC may play a role in mate selection.
-The advantage conferred on offspring resulting from the mating of two individuals with differing MHC genotypes is that

Accepted Answer

A) the innate immunity would be greater against a larger number of pathogens. 
B) the secondary immune response would occur more rapidly. 
C) the immune response would be greater against a larger number of pathogens. 
D) the rate of phagocytosis during opsonization would be increased. 
E) the secondary immune response would occur with greater intensity. 
A) the innate immunity would be greater against a larger number of pathogens. 
B) the secondary immune response would occur more rapidly. 
C) the immune response would be greater against a larger number of pathogens. 
D) the rate of phagocytosis during opsonization would be increased. 
E) the secondary immune response would occur with greater intensity.

Question 5

Use the following table to answer the questions below.Rh is a protein found on the surface of some people's red blood cells.
  
-After a long and cold winter,Jim was excited to start exploring the woods behind his new home.His first adventure included exposure to poison ivy without any reaction.A month later,though,a second walk through the woods was not so great,since two days later Jim had a terrible rash that lasted for weeks.The fact that the rash took two days to develop indicates that this immune response was an example of

Accepted Answer

A) humoral immunity. 
B) cell-mediated immunity. 
C) innate immunity. 
D) the activation of Toll-like receptors. 
E) the activation of the complement system. 
A) humoral immunity. 
B) cell-mediated immunity. 
C) innate immunity. 
D) the activation of Toll-like receptors. 
E) the activation of the complement system.

Question 6

The lymphatic fluid

Accepted Answer

A) is a filtrate of the blood. 
B) is completely separate from the circulatory system for blood. 
C) carries both red and white blood cells. 
D) functions in adaptive immunity but not in innate immunity. 
E) carries a toxic gas that kills cancerous cells. 
A) is a filtrate of the blood. 
B) is completely separate from the circulatory system for blood. 
C) carries both red and white blood cells. 
D) functions in adaptive immunity but not in innate immunity. 
E) carries a toxic gas that kills cancerous cells.

Question 7

Which of the following is a difference between B cells and T cells?

Accepted Answer

A) One has a major role in antibody production, while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity. 
B) One binds a receptor called BCR (B-cell receptor), while the other recognizes a receptor called TCR (T-cell receptor). 
C) B cells are activated by free-floating antigens in the blood or lymph. T cells are activated by membrane-bound antigens. 
D) T cells are produced in the thymus and B cells are produced in the bone marrow. 
E) B cells produce histamine while T cells produce complement. 
A) One has a major role in antibody production, while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity. 
B) One binds a receptor called BCR (B-cell receptor), while the other recognizes a receptor called TCR (T-cell receptor). 
C) B cells are activated by free-floating antigens in the blood or lymph. T cells are activated by membrane-bound antigens. 
D) T cells are produced in the thymus and B cells are produced in the bone marrow. 
E) B cells produce histamine while T cells produce complement.

Question 8

An immunoglobulin (Ig)molecule,of whatever class,with regions symbolized as C or V,H or L,has a light chain made up of

Accepted Answer

A) one C region and one V region. 
B) three C regions and one V region. 
C) one H region and one L region. 
D) three H regions and one L region. 
E) two C regions and two V regions. 
A) one C region and one V region. 
B) three C regions and one V region. 
C) one H region and one L region. 
D) three H regions and one L region. 
E) two C regions and two V regions.

Question 9

Normal immune responses can be described as polyclonal because

Accepted Answer

A) blood contains many different antibodies and antigens. 
B) construction of a hybridoma requires multiple types of cells. 
C) multiple immunoglobulins are produced from descendants of a single B cell. 
D) diverse antibodies are produced for different epitopes of a specific antigen. 
E) macrophages, T cells, and B cells all are involved in a normal immune response. 
A) blood contains many different antibodies and antigens. 
B) construction of a hybridoma requires multiple types of cells. 
C) multiple immunoglobulins are produced from descendants of a single B cell. 
D) diverse antibodies are produced for different epitopes of a specific antigen. 
E) macrophages, T cells, and B cells all are involved in a normal immune response.

Question 10

A certain cell type has existed in the blood and tissue of its vertebrate host's immune system for over twenty years.One day,it recognizes a newly arrived antigen and binds to it,subsequently triggering a secondary immune response in the body.Which of the following cell types most accurately describes this cell?

Accepted Answer

A) plasma cell 
B) thyroid cell 
C) memory cell 
D) macrophage 
E) neutophil 
A) plasma cell 
B) thyroid cell 
C) memory cell 
D) macrophage 
E) neutophil

Question 11

Infection with HIV typically

Accepted Answer

A) increases the level of helper T cells for the first year after infection. 
B) eliminates all T cells immediately. 
C) leads to an immediate decrease in the number of HIV in the blood. 
D) alters mitochondrial but not genomic DNA sequences. 
E) is found in B cells but not in T cells. 
A) increases the level of helper T cells for the first year after infection. 
B) eliminates all T cells immediately. 
C) leads to an immediate decrease in the number of HIV in the blood. 
D) alters mitochondrial but not genomic DNA sequences. 
E) is found in B cells but not in T cells.

Question 12

Clonal selection of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to production of

Accepted Answer

A) large numbers of neutrophils. 
B) large quantities of the antigen initially recognized. 
C) vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors. 
D) long-lived erythrocytes that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen. 
E) short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen. 
A) large numbers of neutrophils. 
B) large quantities of the antigen initially recognized. 
C) vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors. 
D) long-lived erythrocytes that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen. 
E) short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen.

Question 13

Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells.

Accepted Answer

A) B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs 
B) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface 
C) self-tolerance of immune cells → B cells contact antigen → cytokines released 
D) complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released 
E) cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis 
A) B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs 
B) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface 
C) self-tolerance of immune cells → B cells contact antigen → cytokines released 
D) complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released 
E) cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis

Question 14

Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin

Accepted Answer

A) inactivate the erythrocytes. 
B) stimulate apoptosis of nearby body cells. 
C) stimulate release of interferons. 
D) stimulate natural killer cell activity. 
E) activate a group of proteins called complement. 
A) inactivate the erythrocytes. 
B) stimulate apoptosis of nearby body cells. 
C) stimulate release of interferons. 
D) stimulate natural killer cell activity. 
E) activate a group of proteins called complement.

Question 15

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by

Accepted Answer

A) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes. 
B) antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes. 
C) the release of cytokines by activated B cells. 
D) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes and antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes only. 
E) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes, antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes, and the release of cytokines by activated B cells. 
A) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes. 
B) antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes. 
C) the release of cytokines by activated B cells. 
D) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes and antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes only. 
E) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes, antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes, and the release of cytokines by activated B cells.

Question 16

T cells have antigen receptors that

Accepted Answer

A) are active only in lymph nodes. 
B) bind only to antigens present on the surface of the invading/foreign cells. 
C) bind only to freely dissolved antigens in the plasma. 
D) bind to antigens presented on major histocompatability complexes by host cells. 
E) bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. 
A) are active only in lymph nodes. 
B) bind only to antigens present on the surface of the invading/foreign cells. 
C) bind only to freely dissolved antigens in the plasma. 
D) bind to antigens presented on major histocompatability complexes by host cells. 
E) bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells.

Question 17

The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by

Accepted Answer

A) the mucous membranes that cover their surface. 
B) the secretion of complement proteins. 
C) the release of slightly alkaline secretions. 
D) the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces. 
E) interferons produced by immune cells. 
A) the mucous membranes that cover their surface. 
B) the secretion of complement proteins. 
C) the release of slightly alkaline secretions. 
D) the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces. 
E) interferons produced by immune cells.

Question 18

A fruit fly,internally infected by a potentially pathogenic fungus,is protected by

Accepted Answer

A) its plasma cells. 
B) its immunoglobulins. 
C) its antibodies. 
D) its antimicrobial peptides. 
E) its B cells. 
A) its plasma cells. 
B) its immunoglobulins. 
C) its antibodies. 
D) its antimicrobial peptides. 
E) its B cells.

Question 19

Which of the following statements are fundamental to the clonal-selection theory of how the adaptive immune system functions?
I.Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen.
II.When the lymphocyte binds an antigen,it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself.
III.Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they do not bind an antigen.
IV.Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated.

Accepted Answer

A) only I and III 
B) only II and IV 
C) only I, II, and IV 
D) only II, III, and IV 
E) I, II, III and IV 
A) only I and III 
B) only II and IV 
C) only I, II, and IV 
D) only II, III, and IV 
E) I, II, III and IV

Question 20

A diseased patient is exposed to an unknown agent while out of the country.The patient's blood is found to have a high proportion of lymphocytes with CD8 surface proteins in her blood,a likely result of

Accepted Answer

A) the patient having encountered a bacterial infection which elicited CD8+ T cells. 
B) the disease having been caused by a multicellular parasite, such as can be encountered in polluted water sources. 
C) the CD8 proteins having been discharged from these lymphocytes to lyse the infected cells. 
D) a viral infection eliciting proliferation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. 
E) the CD8 proteins having "marked" the surface of cells that accumulate after the infection is over and signal patient recovery. 
A) the patient having encountered a bacterial infection which elicited CD8+ T cells. 
B) the disease having been caused by a multicellular parasite, such as can be encountered in polluted water sources. 
C) the CD8 proteins having been discharged from these lymphocytes to lyse the infected cells. 
D) a viral infection eliciting proliferation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. 
E) the CD8 proteins having "marked" the surface of cells that accumulate after the infection is over and signal patient recovery.

Exam 43: The Immune System

A patient who undergoes a high level of mast cell degranulation,dilation of blood vessels,and acute drop in blood pressure is likely suffering from

A key part of the humoral immune response is

The lymphatic fluid

Which of the following is a difference between B cells and T cells?

An immunoglobulin (Ig)molecule,of whatever class,with regions symbolized as C or V,H or L,has a light chain made up of

Normal immune responses can be described as polyclonal because

Infection with HIV typically

Clonal selection of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to production of

Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells.

Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by

T cells have antigen receptors that

The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by

A fruit fly,internally infected by a potentially pathogenic fungus,is protected by

A diseased patient is exposed to an unknown agent while out of the country.The patient's blood is found to have a high proportion of lymphocytes with CD8 surface proteins in her blood,a likely result of

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

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The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

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An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

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Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

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Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

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Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons,Synapses,and Signalling

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An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

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