Question 1

Infection by a bacterium that has elements on its surface that enhance its resistance to lysozyme will likely result in

Accepted Answer

A) destruction of the bacterium by NK cells. 
B) successful reproduction of the bacterium and continued progression of the disease. 
C) removal of the bacterium by dendritic cells and its concentration in lymph nodes. 
D) the infected individual's humoral immunity becoming the only route of infection response. 
E) lymphocytes migrating from the thymus to attack the bacterium. 
A) destruction of the bacterium by NK cells. 
B) successful reproduction of the bacterium and continued progression of the disease. 
C) removal of the bacterium by dendritic cells and its concentration in lymph nodes. 
D) the infected individual's humoral immunity becoming the only route of infection response. 
E) lymphocytes migrating from the thymus to attack the bacterium.

Question 2

Which of the following components of the immune system destroys bacteria in a way similar to an antitank weapon destroying armored military tanks by punching holes in the wall of the bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A) complement protein 
B) macrophages 
C) plasma cells 
D) major histocompatibility complex proteins 
E) histamine 
A) complement protein 
B) macrophages 
C) plasma cells 
D) major histocompatibility complex proteins 
E) histamine

Question 3

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
John is in the hospital recovering from kidney transplant surgery.He is currently taking a cocktail of anti-rejection drugs.Friends and family have come to visit with John,including his cousin Susan who is suffering from a cold.
-Why should Susan have stayed home?

Accepted Answer

A) She needs rest in order to recover from her illness. 
B) John's immune system is suppressed due to the anti-rejection drugs he is taking. 
C) She is more susceptible to contracting additional illnesses while at the hospital. 
D) John's immune system is heightened due to the anti-rejection drugs he is taking. 
E) Susan poses no risk to John's wellbeing. 
A) She needs rest in order to recover from her illness. 
B) John's immune system is suppressed due to the anti-rejection drugs he is taking. 
C) She is more susceptible to contracting additional illnesses while at the hospital. 
D) John's immune system is heightened due to the anti-rejection drugs he is taking. 
E) Susan poses no risk to John's wellbeing.

Question 4

The number of MHC protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous.However,an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because

Accepted Answer

A) the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways. 
B) MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II. 
C) each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene. 
D) once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories. 
E) once a T cell has matured in the thymus, it can only respond to two MHC categories. 
A) the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways. 
B) MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II. 
C) each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene. 
D) once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories. 
E) once a T cell has matured in the thymus, it can only respond to two MHC categories.

Question 5

Vaccination increases the number of

Accepted Answer

A) different receptors that recognize a pathogen. 
B) lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen. 
C) epitopes that the immune system can recognize. 
D) macrophages specific for a pathogen. 
E) MHC molecules that can present an antigen. 
A) different receptors that recognize a pathogen. 
B) lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen. 
C) epitopes that the immune system can recognize. 
D) macrophages specific for a pathogen. 
E) MHC molecules that can present an antigen.

Question 6

Final exams are around the corner,and you have been studying late every night and up again early in the morning.You are anxious and stressed because you really want to achieve an A+ in your biology course.The day before the final exam,you begin to feel fatigued and have a sore throat.All of the following are potential reasons that you are becoming ill except

Accepted Answer

A) lack of rest. 
B) poor nutrition. 
C) increased stress level. 
D) immune system disruption. 
E) moderate exercise. 
A) lack of rest. 
B) poor nutrition. 
C) increased stress level. 
D) immune system disruption. 
E) moderate exercise.

Question 7

A booster shot of the tetanus vaccine is required every 10 years because

Accepted Answer

A) secondary exposure is necessary for immunological memory. 
B) memory cells are apoptotic following infection. 
C) the primary immune response is slow. 
D) memory cells specific for the tetanus toxin do not last longer than a decade. 
E) the tetanus toxin has grown resistant to previous vaccines. 
A) secondary exposure is necessary for immunological memory. 
B) memory cells are apoptotic following infection. 
C) the primary immune response is slow. 
D) memory cells specific for the tetanus toxin do not last longer than a decade. 
E) the tetanus toxin has grown resistant to previous vaccines.

Question 8

In some insects,such as Drosophila,fungal cell wall elements can activate the protein Toll,which

Accepted Answer

A) acts as a receptor that, when activated, signals synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. 
B) functions directly to attack the fungi presented to it. 
C) produces antimicrobial peptides by interaction with chitin. 
D) secretes special recognition signal molecules that identify specific pathogens. 
E) causes some hemocytes to phagocytize the pathogens. 
A) acts as a receptor that, when activated, signals synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. 
B) functions directly to attack the fungi presented to it. 
C) produces antimicrobial peptides by interaction with chitin. 
D) secretes special recognition signal molecules that identify specific pathogens. 
E) causes some hemocytes to phagocytize the pathogens.

Question 9

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV,the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis.The same student had already been infected when she was a child,at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck.This time,though infected,she does not get sick.
-The EBV antigen fragments will be presented by the virus-infected cells along with

Accepted Answer

A) complement. 
B) antibodies. 
C) class I MHC molecules. 
D) class II MHC molecules. 
E) dendritic cells. 
A) complement. 
B) antibodies. 
C) class I MHC molecules. 
D) class II MHC molecules. 
E) dendritic cells.

Question 10

Clonal selection implies that

Accepted Answer

A) brothers and sisters have similar immune responses. 
B) antigens increase mitosis in specific lymphocytes. 
C) only certain cells can produce interferon. 
D) a B cell has multiple types of antigen receptors. 
E) the body selects which antigens it will respond to. 
A) brothers and sisters have similar immune responses. 
B) antigens increase mitosis in specific lymphocytes. 
C) only certain cells can produce interferon. 
D) a B cell has multiple types of antigen receptors. 
E) the body selects which antigens it will respond to.

Question 11

CD4 and CD8 are

Accepted Answer

A) proteins secreted by antigen-presenting cells. 
B) receptors present on the surface of natural killer (NK)cells. 
C) T-independent antigens. 
D) molecules present on the surface of T cells where they interact with MHC molecules. 
E) molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells where they enhance B cell activity. 
A) proteins secreted by antigen-presenting cells. 
B) receptors present on the surface of natural killer (NK)cells. 
C) T-independent antigens. 
D) molecules present on the surface of T cells where they interact with MHC molecules. 
E) molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells where they enhance B cell activity.

Question 12

An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody?

Accepted Answer

A) the disulphide bridge 
B) the heavy-chain constant regions only 
C) variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined 
D) the light-chain constant regions only 
E) the tail 
A) the disulphide bridge 
B) the heavy-chain constant regions only 
C) variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined 
D) the light-chain constant regions only 
E) the tail

Question 13

After cutting your foot on piece of glass,you notice localized redness,swelling and heat.The immune cells responsible for these symptoms are

Accepted Answer

A) lysosomes. 
B) mast cells. 
C) neutrophils. 
D) immunoglobulins. 
E) dendritic cells. 
A) lysosomes. 
B) mast cells. 
C) neutrophils. 
D) immunoglobulins. 
E) dendritic cells.

Question 14

Arrange these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen in the correct sequence.
I.Pathogen is destroyed.
II.Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.
III.Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes.
IV.Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous.
V.Only memory cells remain.

Accepted Answer

A) I → III → II → IV → V 
B) III → II → I → V → IV 
C) II → I → IV → III → V 
D) IV → II → III → I → V 
E) III → IV → II → I → V 
A) I → III → II → IV → V 
B) III → II → I → V → IV 
C) II → I → IV → III → V 
D) IV → II → III → I → V 
E) III → IV → II → I → V

Question 15

Clonal selection is an explanation for how

Accepted Answer

A) a single type of stem cell can produce both red blood cells and white blood cells. 
B) V, J, and C gene segments are rearranged. 
C) an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies. 
D) HIV can disrupt the immune system. 
E) macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells. 
A) a single type of stem cell can produce both red blood cells and white blood cells. 
B) V, J, and C gene segments are rearranged. 
C) an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies. 
D) HIV can disrupt the immune system. 
E) macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells.

Question 16

The complement system is

Accepted Answer

A) a set of proteins involved in innate but not acquired immunity. 
B) a set of proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells and other CD8 cells. 
C) a group of proteins that includes interferons and interleukins. 
D) a group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion. 
E) a set of proteins that act individually to attack and lyse microbes. 
A) a set of proteins involved in innate but not acquired immunity. 
B) a set of proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells and other CD8 cells. 
C) a group of proteins that includes interferons and interleukins. 
D) a group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion. 
E) a set of proteins that act individually to attack and lyse microbes.

Question 17

A boy falls while riding his bike.A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red,warm,and swollen.What response is occurring?

Accepted Answer

A) inflammatory response 
B) lytic response 
C) adaptive immune response 
D) autoimmune response 
E) lysogenic response 
A) inflammatory response 
B) lytic response 
C) adaptive immune response 
D) autoimmune response 
E) lysogenic response

Question 18

Use the following graph to answer the questions below.
  
-According to the graph,antibodies will be produced

Accepted Answer

A) between 3 and 7 days. 
B) between 14 and 21 days. 
C) between 28 and 35 days. 
D) between 14 and 21 days and between 42 and 56 days. 
E) both between 3 and 7 days and between 28 and 35 days. 
A) between 3 and 7 days. 
B) between 14 and 21 days. 
C) between 28 and 35 days. 
D) between 14 and 21 days and between 42 and 56 days. 
E) both between 3 and 7 days and between 28 and 35 days.

Question 19

Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because

Accepted Answer

A) of an increase in immunodeficiency diseases. 
B) flu can generate anaphylactic shock. 
C) surviving the flu one year exhausts the immune system to nonresponsiveness the second year. 
D) rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells. 
E) flu leads to autoimmune disorders. 
A) of an increase in immunodeficiency diseases. 
B) flu can generate anaphylactic shock. 
C) surviving the flu one year exhausts the immune system to nonresponsiveness the second year. 
D) rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells. 
E) flu leads to autoimmune disorders.

Question 20

For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen,it is necessary that

Accepted Answer

A) the surface antigens of the pathogen not change. 
B) a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies takes place. 
C) all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified. 
D) the pathogen has only one epitope. 
E) the MHC molecules are heterozygous. 
A) the surface antigens of the pathogen not change. 
B) a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies takes place. 
C) all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified. 
D) the pathogen has only one epitope. 
E) the MHC molecules are heterozygous.

Exam 43: The Immune System

Infection by a bacterium that has elements on its surface that enhance its resistance to lysozyme will likely result in

Which of the following components of the immune system destroys bacteria in a way similar to an antitank weapon destroying armored military tanks by punching holes in the wall of the bacteria?

The number of MHC protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous.However,an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because

Vaccination increases the number of

A booster shot of the tetanus vaccine is required every 10 years because

In some insects,such as Drosophila,fungal cell wall elements can activate the protein Toll,which

Clonal selection implies that

CD4 and CD8 are

An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody?

After cutting your foot on piece of glass,you notice localized redness,swelling and heat.The immune cells responsible for these symptoms are

Clonal selection is an explanation for how

The complement system is

A boy falls while riding his bike.A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red,warm,and swollen.What response is occurring?

Use the following graph to answer the questions below. -According to the graph,antibodies will be produced

Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because

For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen,it is necessary that

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure,Growth,and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons,Synapses,and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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