Question 1

The ability of some viruses to remain inactive (latent)for a period of time is exemplified by

Accepted Answer

A) influenza, a particular strain of which returns every 10-20 years. 
B) herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital)whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host. 
C) Kaposi's sarcoma, which causes a skin cancer in people with AIDS, but rarely in those not infected by HIV. 
D) the virus that causes a form of the common cold, which recurs in patients many times in their lives. 
E) myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disease that blocks muscle contraction from time to time. 
A) influenza, a particular strain of which returns every 10-20 years. 
B) herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital)whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host. 
C) Kaposi's sarcoma, which causes a skin cancer in people with AIDS, but rarely in those not infected by HIV. 
D) the virus that causes a form of the common cold, which recurs in patients many times in their lives. 
E) myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disease that blocks muscle contraction from time to time.

Question 2

Preventing the appearance of the symptoms of an allergy attack would be the likely result of

Accepted Answer

A) blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells. 
B) blocking the antigenic determinants of the IgM antibodies. 
C) reducing the number of helper T cells in the body. 
D) reducing the number of cytotoxic cells. 
E) reducing the number of natural killer cells. 
A) blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells. 
B) blocking the antigenic determinants of the IgM antibodies. 
C) reducing the number of helper T cells in the body. 
D) reducing the number of cytotoxic cells. 
E) reducing the number of natural killer cells.

Question 3

Antibodies of the different classes IgM,IgG,IgA,IgD,and IgE differ from each other

Accepted Answer

A) in the way they are produced. 
B) in their heavy-chain structure. 
C) in the type of cell that produces them. 
D) by the antigenic determinants that they recognize. 
E) by the number of carbohydrate subunits they have. 
A) in the way they are produced. 
B) in their heavy-chain structure. 
C) in the type of cell that produces them. 
D) by the antigenic determinants that they recognize. 
E) by the number of carbohydrate subunits they have.

Question 4

The cells involved in innate immunity,whose absence increases the chances of developing malignant tumours,are

Accepted Answer

A) cytotoxic T cells. 
B) natural killer cells. 
C) helper T cells. 
D) macrophages. 
E) B cells. 
A) cytotoxic T cells. 
B) natural killer cells. 
C) helper T cells. 
D) macrophages. 
E) B cells.

Question 5

In the human disease known as lupus,there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells,which categorizes lupus as

Accepted Answer

A) an allergy. 
B) an immunodeficiency. 
C) an autoimmune disease. 
D) an antigenic variation. 
E) a cancer. 
A) an allergy. 
B) an immunodeficiency. 
C) an autoimmune disease. 
D) an antigenic variation. 
E) a cancer.

Question 6

An inflammation-causing signal released by mast cells at the site of an infection is

Accepted Answer

A) an interferon. 
B) lymphatic fluid. 
C) histamine. 
D) mucus. 
E) sodium ions. 
A) an interferon. 
B) lymphatic fluid. 
C) histamine. 
D) mucus. 
E) sodium ions.

Question 7

An example of a pathogen that undergoes rapid changes resulting in antigenic variation is

Accepted Answer

A) the influenza virus, which expresses alternative envelope proteins. 
B) the strep bacteria, which can be communicated from patient to patient with high efficiency. 
C) human papilloma virus, which can remain latent for several years. 
D) the causative agent of the autoimmune disease known as rheumatoid arthritis. 
E) multiple sclerosis, which attacks the myelinated cells of the nervous system. 
A) the influenza virus, which expresses alternative envelope proteins. 
B) the strep bacteria, which can be communicated from patient to patient with high efficiency. 
C) human papilloma virus, which can remain latent for several years. 
D) the causative agent of the autoimmune disease known as rheumatoid arthritis. 
E) multiple sclerosis, which attacks the myelinated cells of the nervous system.

Question 8

Innate immunity

Accepted Answer

A) is activated immediately upon infection. 
B) depends on a newly infected animal's previous exposure to the same pathogen. 
C) is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens. 
D) is found only in vertebrate animals. 
E) utilizes highly specific antigen receptors on B cells. 
A) is activated immediately upon infection. 
B) depends on a newly infected animal's previous exposure to the same pathogen. 
C) is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens. 
D) is found only in vertebrate animals. 
E) utilizes highly specific antigen receptors on B cells.

Question 9

You and a friend were in line for a movie when you noticed the woman in front of you sneezing and coughing.Both of you were equally exposed to the woman's virus,but over the next few days,only your friend acquired flu-like symptoms and was ill for almost a week before recovering.Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this?

Accepted Answer

A) Your friend had antibodies to that virus. 
B) You had an adaptive immunity to that virus. 
C) Your friend had an autoimmune disorder. 
D) Your friend had allergies. 
E) You have more histamine. 
A) Your friend had antibodies to that virus. 
B) You had an adaptive immunity to that virus. 
C) Your friend had an autoimmune disorder. 
D) Your friend had allergies. 
E) You have more histamine.

Question 10

Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts.What is its main immunological function?

Accepted Answer

A) sweeping away debris 
B) physically trapping pathogens 
C) destruction of pathogens because it is acidic 
D) increasing oxygen absorption 
E) lysing pathogens 
A) sweeping away debris 
B) physically trapping pathogens 
C) destruction of pathogens because it is acidic 
D) increasing oxygen absorption 
E) lysing pathogens

Question 11

Ancient peoples sought to identify the indicators of inflammation because

Accepted Answer

A) seeing such signs would be cause for their seeking out a healer in their community. 
B) the presence of the signs of inflammation in a patient could be a condemnation of the healer. 
C) the ancients probably knew of plant derivatives that could reduce the pain of inflammation. 
D) the presence of these signs suggests that healing was taking place; otherwise, the patient would likely die. 
E) the signs of inflammation served as a caution to keep people away from the patient. 
A) seeing such signs would be cause for their seeking out a healer in their community. 
B) the presence of the signs of inflammation in a patient could be a condemnation of the healer. 
C) the ancients probably knew of plant derivatives that could reduce the pain of inflammation. 
D) the presence of these signs suggests that healing was taking place; otherwise, the patient would likely die. 
E) the signs of inflammation served as a caution to keep people away from the patient.

Question 12

The ability of one person to produce over a million different antibody molecules does not require over a million different genes; rather,this wide range of antibody production is due to

Accepted Answer

A) alternative splicing of exons after transcription. 
B) increased rate of mutation in the RNA molecules. 
C) DNA rearrangements. 
D) rearrangements of cytosolic proteins in the thymus cells. 
E) crossing over between the light and heavy chains of each antibody molecule during meiosis I. 
A) alternative splicing of exons after transcription. 
B) increased rate of mutation in the RNA molecules. 
C) DNA rearrangements. 
D) rearrangements of cytosolic proteins in the thymus cells. 
E) crossing over between the light and heavy chains of each antibody molecule during meiosis I.

Question 13

If a patient is missing B and T cells,what would be absent from the immune response?

Accepted Answer

A) memory 
B) lysozymes 
C) cytokines 
D) defense against bacteria 
E) histamine 
A) memory 
B) lysozymes 
C) cytokines 
D) defense against bacteria 
E) histamine

Question 14

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
In a famous study,women were asked to smell and rate the attractiveness of axillary odours on t-shirts worn by different men.Results showed that ovulating women preferred the odour of the t-shirts worn by MHC (major histocompatibility complex)dissimilar men.This indicates that dissimilarity in MHC may play a role in mate selection.
-The purpose of an MHC molecule is to

Accepted Answer

A) display an antigen fragment on the cell surface. 
B) engulf the presented pathogen. 
C) release enzymes to catalyze apoptosis. 
D) trigger lymphocyte proliferation. 
E) secrete cytokines. 
A) display an antigen fragment on the cell surface. 
B) engulf the presented pathogen. 
C) release enzymes to catalyze apoptosis. 
D) trigger lymphocyte proliferation. 
E) secrete cytokines.

Question 15

Mammals have Toll-like receptors (TLRs)that can recognize a kind of macromolecule that is absent from vertebrates but present in/on certain groups of pathogens,including viral

Accepted Answer

A) lipopolysaccharides. 
B) double-stranded DNA. 
C) double-stranded RNA. 
D) glycoproteins. 
E) phospholipids. 
A) lipopolysaccharides. 
B) double-stranded DNA. 
C) double-stranded RNA. 
D) glycoproteins. 
E) phospholipids.

Question 16

What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

A) It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered. 
B) It enables an animal to counter most pathogens almost instantly the first time they are encountered. 
C) Without it animals cannot defend against bacteria. 
D) It allows for the destruction of antibodies. 
E) Autoimmunity would occur without it. 
A) It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered. 
B) It enables an animal to counter most pathogens almost instantly the first time they are encountered. 
C) Without it animals cannot defend against bacteria. 
D) It allows for the destruction of antibodies. 
E) Autoimmunity would occur without it.

Question 17

Mutant fruit flies that make only one antimicrobial peptide were tested for survival after infection with Neurospora crassa fungi or with Micrococcus luteus bacteria.

-The results shown in the graphs support the hypothesis that

Accepted Answer

A) adding the defensin gene to such mutants protects them from fungal infection. 
B) adding the drosomycin gene to such mutants protects them from fungal infection. 
C) wild-type flies with the full set of genes for antimicrobial peptides are highly susceptible to these infective agents. 
D) the presence of any single antimicrobial peptide protects against both infective agents. 
E) even the wild-type flies rarely, if ever, survive for five days. 
A) adding the defensin gene to such mutants protects them from fungal infection. 
B) adding the drosomycin gene to such mutants protects them from fungal infection. 
C) wild-type flies with the full set of genes for antimicrobial peptides are highly susceptible to these infective agents. 
D) the presence of any single antimicrobial peptide protects against both infective agents. 
E) even the wild-type flies rarely, if ever, survive for five days.

Question 18

Inflammatory responses typically include

Accepted Answer

A) clotting proteins migrating away from the site of infection. 
B) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area. 
C) reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma. 
D) release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area. 
E) inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow. 
A) clotting proteins migrating away from the site of infection. 
B) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area. 
C) reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma. 
D) release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area. 
E) inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow.

Question 19

Septic shock,a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure,is a response to

Accepted Answer

A) certain bacterial infections. 
B) specific forms of viruses. 
C) the presence of natural killer cells. 
D) a fever of >39.5°C in adults. 
E) increased production of neutrophils. 
A) certain bacterial infections. 
B) specific forms of viruses. 
C) the presence of natural killer cells. 
D) a fever of >39.5°C in adults. 
E) increased production of neutrophils.

Question 20

Jenner's successful use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus is due to the fact that

Accepted Answer

A) the immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens. 
B) the cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox. 
C) cowpox and smallpox are antibodies with similar immunizing properties. 
D) there are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses. 
E) cowpox and smallpox are caused by the same virus. 
A) the immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens. 
B) the cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox. 
C) cowpox and smallpox are antibodies with similar immunizing properties. 
D) there are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses. 
E) cowpox and smallpox are caused by the same virus.

Exam 43: The Immune System

The ability of some viruses to remain inactive (latent)for a period of time is exemplified by

Preventing the appearance of the symptoms of an allergy attack would be the likely result of

Antibodies of the different classes IgM,IgG,IgA,IgD,and IgE differ from each other

The cells involved in innate immunity,whose absence increases the chances of developing malignant tumours,are

In the human disease known as lupus,there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells,which categorizes lupus as

An inflammation-causing signal released by mast cells at the site of an infection is

An example of a pathogen that undergoes rapid changes resulting in antigenic variation is

Innate immunity

Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts.What is its main immunological function?

Ancient peoples sought to identify the indicators of inflammation because

The ability of one person to produce over a million different antibody molecules does not require over a million different genes; rather,this wide range of antibody production is due to

If a patient is missing B and T cells,what would be absent from the immune response?

Mammals have Toll-like receptors (TLRs)that can recognize a kind of macromolecule that is absent from vertebrates but present in/on certain groups of pathogens,including viral

What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity?

Mutant fruit flies that make only one antimicrobial peptide were tested for survival after infection with Neurospora crassa fungi or with Micrococcus luteus bacteria. -The results shown in the graphs support the hypothesis that

Inflammatory responses typically include

Septic shock,a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure,is a response to

Jenner's successful use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus is due to the fact that

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure,Growth,and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons,Synapses,and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

Filters