Question 1

What is the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

A) a series of redox reactions 
B) a series of substitution reactions 
C) reactions driven by ATP consumption 
D) reactions occurring in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells 
E) a series of condensation reactions 
A) a series of redox reactions 
B) a series of substitution reactions 
C) reactions driven by ATP consumption 
D) reactions occurring in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells 
E) a series of condensation reactions

Question 2

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
A young animal has never had much energy.He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests.There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration,and his cells produce more lactate than normal.
-Of the following,which is the best explanation of his condition?

Accepted Answer

A) His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane. 
B) His cells cannot move NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria. 
C) His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria. 
D) His cells lack the enzyme in glycolysis that forms pyruvate. 
E) His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA. 
A) His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane. 
B) His cells cannot move NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria. 
C) His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria. 
D) His cells lack the enzyme in glycolysis that forms pyruvate. 
E) His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA.

Question 3

Most CO₂ from catabolism is released during

Accepted Answer

A) glycolysis. 
B) the citric acid cycle. 
C) lactate fermentation. 
D) electron transport. 
E) oxidative phosphorylation. 
A) glycolysis. 
B) the citric acid cycle. 
C) lactate fermentation. 
D) electron transport. 
E) oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 4

Use the following figure to answer the questions below.
   
The citric acid cycle.
-Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate,how many ATP molecules can be made through substrate-level phosphorylation (see the figure above)?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 
B) 2 
C) 11 
D) 12 
E) 24 
A) 1 
B) 2 
C) 11 
D) 12 
E) 24

Question 5

In addition to ATP,what are the end products of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

A) CO₂ and H₂O 
B) CO₂ and pyruvate 
C) NADH and pyruvate 
D) CO₂ and NADH 
E) H₂O, FADH₂, and citrate 
A) CO₂ and H₂O 
B) CO₂ and pyruvate 
C) NADH and pyruvate 
D) CO₂ and NADH 
E) H₂O, FADH₂, and citrate

Question 6

When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space,the result is the

Accepted Answer

A) formation of ATP. 
B) reduction of NAD⁺. 
C) restoration of the Na⁺/K⁺ balance across the membrane. 
D) creation of a proton-motive force. 
E) lowering of pH in the mitochondrial matrix. 
A) formation of ATP. 
B) reduction of NAD⁺. 
C) restoration of the Na⁺/K⁺ balance across the membrane. 
D) creation of a proton-motive force. 
E) lowering of pH in the mitochondrial matrix.

Question 7

In liver cells,the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes.What purpose must this serve?

Accepted Answer

A) It allows for an increased rate of glycolysis. 
B) It allows for an increased rate of the citric acid cycle. 
C) It increases the surface for oxidative phosphorylation. 
D) It increases the surface for substrate-level phosphorylation. 
E) It allows the liver cell to have fewer mitochondria. 
A) It allows for an increased rate of glycolysis. 
B) It allows for an increased rate of the citric acid cycle. 
C) It increases the surface for oxidative phosphorylation. 
D) It increases the surface for substrate-level phosphorylation. 
E) It allows the liver cell to have fewer mitochondria.

Question 8

Yeast cells that have defective mitochondria incapable of respiration will be able to grow by catabolizing which of the following carbon sources for energy?

Accepted Answer

A) glucose 
B) proteins 
C) fatty acids 
D) glucose, proteins, and fatty acids 
E) Such yeast cells will not be capable of catabolizing any food molecules, and will therefore die. 
A) glucose 
B) proteins 
C) fatty acids 
D) glucose, proteins, and fatty acids 
E) Such yeast cells will not be capable of catabolizing any food molecules, and will therefore die.

Question 9

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
A young animal has never had much energy.He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests.There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration,and his cells produce more lactate than normal.
-What would the veterinarian suggest to help this dog?

Accepted Answer

A) Increase his carbohydrate intake to provide more substrate for glycolysis. 
B) Change his diet, reducing carbohydrates and increasing protein and fats. 
C) Keep him sedentary, not allowing him to exercise much. 
D) Try a different source of carbohydrates in his diet. 
E) Take energy pills. 
A) Increase his carbohydrate intake to provide more substrate for glycolysis. 
B) Change his diet, reducing carbohydrates and increasing protein and fats. 
C) Keep him sedentary, not allowing him to exercise much. 
D) Try a different source of carbohydrates in his diet. 
E) Take energy pills.

Question 10

Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?

Accepted Answer

A) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
B) the citric acid cycle 
C) oxidative phosphorylation 
D) glycolysis 
E) chemiosmosis 
A) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
B) the citric acid cycle 
C) oxidative phosphorylation 
D) glycolysis 
E) chemiosmosis

Question 11

The figure below illustrates some of the steps (reactions)of glycolysis in their proper sequence.Each step is lettered.Use these letters to answer the questions.
  
-In which step in the figure above is an inorganic phosphate added to the reactant?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E

Question 12

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

Accepted Answer

A) cytosol 
B) mitochondrial outer membrane 
C) mitochondrial inner membrane 
D) mitochondrial intermembrane space 
E) mitochondrial matrix 
A) cytosol 
B) mitochondrial outer membrane 
C) mitochondrial inner membrane 
D) mitochondrial intermembrane space 
E) mitochondrial matrix

Question 13

In cellular respiration,the energy for most ATP synthesis is supplied by

Accepted Answer

A) high-energy phosphate bonds in organic molecules. 
B) a proton gradient across a membrane. 
C) converting oxygen to ATP. 
D) transferring electrons from organic molecules to pyruvate. 
E) generating carbon dioxide and oxygen in the electron transport chain. 
A) high-energy phosphate bonds in organic molecules. 
B) a proton gradient across a membrane. 
C) converting oxygen to ATP. 
D) transferring electrons from organic molecules to pyruvate. 
E) generating carbon dioxide and oxygen in the electron transport chain.

Question 14

One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to

Accepted Answer

A) reduce NAD⁺ to NADH. 
B) reduce FAD⁺ to FADH₂. 
C) oxidize NADH to NAD⁺. 
D) reduce FADH₂ to FAD⁺. 
E) do none of the above. 
A) reduce NAD⁺ to NADH. 
B) reduce FAD⁺ to FADH₂. 
C) oxidize NADH to NAD⁺. 
D) reduce FADH₂ to FAD⁺. 
E) do none of the above.

Question 15

High levels of citric acid inhibit the enzyme phosphofructokinase.Citric acid binds to the enzyme at a different location from the active site.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) competitive inhibition. 
B) allosteric regulation. 
C) the specificity of enzymes for their substrates. 
D) an enzyme requiring a cofactor. 
E) positive feedback regulation. 
A) competitive inhibition. 
B) allosteric regulation. 
C) the specificity of enzymes for their substrates. 
D) an enzyme requiring a cofactor. 
E) positive feedback regulation.

Question 16

If a cell is able to synthesize 30 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose completely oxidized by carbon dioxide and water,how many ATP molecules can the cell synthesize for each molecule of pyruvate oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?

Accepted Answer

A) 0 
B) 1 
C) 12 
D) 14 
E) 15 
A) 0 
B) 1 
C) 12 
D) 14 
E) 15

Question 17

What carbon sources can yeast cells metabolize to make ATP from ADP under anaerobic conditions?

Accepted Answer

A) glucose 
B) ethanol 
C) pyruvate 
D) lactic acid 
E) either ethanol or lactic acid 
A) glucose 
B) ethanol 
C) pyruvate 
D) lactic acid 
E) either ethanol or lactic acid

Question 18

You have a friend who lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds)of fat on a regimen of strict diet and exercise.How did the fat leave her body?

Accepted Answer

A) It was released as CO₂ and H₂O. 
B) It was converted to heat and then released. 
C) It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat. 
D) It was broken down to amino acids and eliminated from the body. 
E) It was converted to urine and eliminated from the body. 
A) It was released as CO₂ and H₂O. 
B) It was converted to heat and then released. 
C) It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat. 
D) It was broken down to amino acids and eliminated from the body. 
E) It was converted to urine and eliminated from the body.

Question 19

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

Accepted Answer

A) substrate-level phosphorylation. 
B) electron transport. 
C) photophosphorylation. 
D) chemiosmosis. 
E) oxidation of NADH to NAD⁺. 
A) substrate-level phosphorylation. 
B) electron transport. 
C) photophosphorylation. 
D) chemiosmosis. 
E) oxidation of NADH to NAD⁺.

Question 20

When an individual is exercising heavily and when the muscle becomes oxygen-deprived,muscle cells convert pyruvate to lactate.What happens to the lactate in skeletal muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

A) It is converted to NAD⁺. 
B) It produces CO₂ and water. 
C) It is taken to the liver and converted back to pyruvate. 
D) It reduces FADH₂ to FAD⁺. 
E) It is converted to alcohol. 
A) It is converted to NAD⁺. 
B) It produces CO₂ and water. 
C) It is taken to the liver and converted back to pyruvate. 
D) It reduces FADH₂ to FAD⁺. 
E) It is converted to alcohol.

Exam 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

What is the electron transport chain?

Most CO₂ from catabolism is released during

Use the following figure to answer the questions below. The citric acid cycle. -Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate,how many ATP molecules can be made through substrate-level phosphorylation (see the figure above)?

In addition to ATP,what are the end products of glycolysis?

When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space,the result is the

In liver cells,the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes.What purpose must this serve?

Yeast cells that have defective mitochondria incapable of respiration will be able to grow by catabolizing which of the following carbon sources for energy?

Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?

The figure below illustrates some of the steps (reactions)of glycolysis in their proper sequence.Each step is lettered.Use these letters to answer the questions. -In which step in the figure above is an inorganic phosphate added to the reactant?

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

In cellular respiration,the energy for most ATP synthesis is supplied by

One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to

High levels of citric acid inhibit the enzyme phosphofructokinase.Citric acid binds to the enzyme at a different location from the active site.This is an example of

If a cell is able to synthesize 30 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose completely oxidized by carbon dioxide and water,how many ATP molecules can the cell synthesize for each molecule of pyruvate oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?

What carbon sources can yeast cells metabolize to make ATP from ADP under anaerobic conditions?

You have a friend who lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds)of fat on a regimen of strict diet and exercise.How did the fat leave her body?

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

When an individual is exercising heavily and when the muscle becomes oxygen-deprived,muscle cells convert pyruvate to lactate.What happens to the lactate in skeletal muscle cells?

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure,Growth,and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons,Synapses,and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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